{"id":39170,"date":"2017-05-12T15:51:15","date_gmt":"2017-05-12T14:51:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=39170"},"modified":"2017-05-12T16:37:42","modified_gmt":"2017-05-12T15:37:42","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-knowledge-translation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/05\/12\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-knowledge-translation\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Knowledge translation"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>You would think that the word \u201cknowledge\u201d comes from the word \u201cknow\u201d, but it isn\u2019t as simple as that. The Oxford English Dictionary<\/em> (OED) only says \u201cprobably\u201d. The problem is that the noun and the verb differ markedly in both chronological occurrence and the sources of their earliest uses.<\/p>\n

According to the OED<\/em>, the noun appears in an East Midland source from the first half of the 12th century, but then not again until the 14th century, when it is found mostly in sources from areas that were formerly part of the Danelaw<\/a>, a swathe of land that stretched diagonally across the country from Northumberland to East Anglia and the Kingdom of Guthrum, where Danish law predominated in the 9th<\/sup> century. The verb on the other hand is found in sources dating from the early 13th century onwards, and mostly in Southern sources, being rare in Northern sources before the 15th century. Etymologists therefore consider that the two words had different origins.<\/p>\n

In recent years the concept of knowledge translation has become increasingly popular (Figure), although some have equated \u201cknowledge translation\u201d with the more general concept of translational research.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure.<\/strong> The numbers of publications containing the term \u201cknowledge translation\u201d (top panel absolute numbers; bottom panel as a percentage of all publications) (source PubMed)<\/p>\n

The earliest instance of the term that I have found is in the title of a dissertation<\/a> in the Uppsala Universiteit in Sweden in 2001 by Soon-Gwon Choi \u201cKnowledge translation in the internationalization of firms\u201d, in which the author asserted that it was \u201ca good framework for understanding knowledge modification and development in the internationalization process of firms\u201d. He asserted that the concept of \u201cknowledge transfer\u201d, the process whereby businesses satisfy their need for knowledge about products, markets, and personnel by learning from other firms, said little about how the new knowledge that emerged was modified and adapted to fit new markets and organisations.<\/p>\n

He therefore proposed a new concept, knowledge translation, focused on \u201chow knowledge is modified and developed as a firm identifies and assimilates it.\u201d He claimed to show that new knowledge is translated into new contexts by being developed and modified in ways that were determined by a firm\u2019s existing knowledge, and that knowledge translation by a firm depended on its previous experience and the depth of the relationship with the firm from which the knowledge was obtained. In short, adapting new knowledge to your own needs.<\/p>\n

Lloyd and Roen then used the term as a keyword in a July 2002 paper<\/a>, \u201c\u2018When you smell smoke\u2026\u2019: \u2018Risk factors\u2019 and fire safety in action\u201d. Their translation model, loosely derived from Bruno Latour\u2019s<\/a> Actor-Network-Theory, showed \u201cthe complexity of the social interactions that constitute safety in action\u201d. They called \u201csafety<\/a>\u201d a correlate of risk, but also asserted that \u201crisk and safety do not form a ledger balance system where safety is the \u2018remainder\u2019, what is left over, when you remove risk factors.\u201d Incidentally, Latour at first preferred alternative names for the theory, such as \u201csociology of translation\u201d, \u201cactant\u2013rhyzome ontology\u201d [sic<\/em>], or \u201csociology of innovation\u201d, but he then realised that the acronym ANT was a perfect fit for \u201ca blind, myopic, workaholic, trail sniffing, and collective traveler. An ant writing for other ants, this fits my project very well!\u201d<\/p>\n

Then in 2002 Arne Ohlsson from Toronto defined knowledge translation as \u201cthe process of bridging the gap between the overwhelming amount of research data\/information\/evidence and its critical appraisal, synthesis, dissemination, and application as knowledge by influential role models [and] includes ongoing surveillance of the results of the implementation of new knowledge.\u201d This definition implies, as Ohlsson pointed out, that systematic reviews of the literature are good examples of \u201cknowledge management\u201d, defined as \u201cmaking proper use of the sum of what is known.\u201d By conducting research that is driven by relevant, well defined questions and by using the most powerful study designs available, he asserted, researchers generate valid new information that can later be translated into knowledge and applied in the clinical setting.<\/p>\n

The World Health Organization’s<\/a>\u00a0definition of knowledge translation is \u201cThe synthesis, exchange, and application of knowledge by relevant stakeholders to accelerate the benefits of global and local innovation in strengthening health systems and improving people\u2019s health.\u201d<\/p>\n

It has been suggested<\/a> that the term \u201cknowledge translation\u201d has \u201coutlived its usefulness\u201d. I agree. The term, specifically relating to knowledge, does not add anything to the ideas expressed by the idea of translational research in general<\/a>, of which the generation and dissemination of knowledge is a major part, but not the only one. To dignify it with a distinct term ignores the inter-relatedness of all the factors that contribute to the numerous aspects of translational research.<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

You would think that the word \u201cknowledge\u201d comes from the word \u201cknow\u201d, but it isn\u2019t as simple as that. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) only says \u201cprobably\u201d. The problem is […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Knowledge translation - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/05\/12\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-knowledge-translation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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