{"id":38076,"date":"2017-01-06T16:28:00","date_gmt":"2017-01-06T15:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=38076"},"modified":"2017-01-06T21:24:03","modified_gmt":"2017-01-06T20:24:03","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-anniversaries-in-2017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/01\/06\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-anniversaries-in-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Medical anniversaries in 2017"},"content":{"rendered":"

Here are the topics covered by my selection of this year\u2019s anniversaries, illustrated below:<\/p>\n

   \u2022 chemistry (discovery of cadmium, lithium, and selenium; the Law of Mass Action);
\n   \u2022 infectious diseases (antisepsis; smallpox; measles);
\n   \u2022 molecular biology (structure of ribonuclease);
\n   \u2022 neurology (An Essay on The Shaking Palsy);
\n   \u2022 politics (Action on Smoking and Health);
\n   \u2022 psychology\/psychiatry (Freudian psychoanalysis);
\n   \u2022 surgery (cholecystostomy, cardiac transplantation);
\n   \u2022 therapeutics (Leonardo Fioravanti\u2014novel medications; blood transfusion);
\n   \u2022 new institutions (The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries).<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s begin with the first in the list, cadmium. It was discovered in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer, who named it after the ore from which he extracted it, cadmia or cadmean earth. Cadmean earth was originally found near Thebes and was named after Cadmus, the founder and first King of Thebes and the son of Agenor, King of the Phoenician city Tyre.<\/p>\n

The usual version of Cadmus\u2019s story starts, as Greek myths often do, with an interfering god, in this case Zeus, who, disguised as a bull, carries off Europa, Cadmus\u2019s sister. Cadmus sets out to find her, but the Delphic oracle advises him to stop searching and instead to follow a cow that he will see; when the cow lies down he should found a city on the spot. The cow leads him and his companions to a place where a spring is guarded by a dragon belonging to Ares. The dragon kills his companions but he slays it and, on instruction from Athena, sows half of its teeth, from which spring armed men. Cadmus throws a stone among them and they turn on and kill each other. The five who are left, the Spartoi (\u201csown men\u201d), help Cadmus to found the city of Thebes. Cadmus was said to have given the Greeks their alphabet, based on the Phoenician alphabet. Cadmus married Harmonia, a daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. His line starts with his son Polydorus and continues with Labdacus, then Laius, and then Oedipus. These and many other stories are told by Roberto Calasso in Le Nozze di Cadmo e Harmonia<\/em><\/a> (The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony<\/em><\/a>).<\/p>\n

The tragic history of the House of Cadmus is summarised in the table below, based<\/a> on a structuralist interpretation by Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss, in which three anecdotes (about Cadmus, Oedipus, and Antigone) are recounted horizontally, to be read from left to right, line by line (in the first three columns), and are juxtaposed with certain correspondences in the names of the characters involved (in the fourth column). In this arrangement they are also shown to harmonise vertically through a series of themes (\u201cmythemes\u201d in L\u00e9vi\u2013Strauss’s terminology).\u00a0 Thus, the story is told horizontally and interpreted vertically, like a musical fugue.<\/p>\n

Table <\/strong>A structuralist interpretation of the myths surrounding the House of Cadmus, based on an analysis by Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss in Anthropologie Structurale<\/em> (Paris: La librairie Plon, 1958: 236)<\/p>\n

\"aronson_cadmus_last\"<\/p>\n

Cadmium is an environmental and occupational pollutant that is associated with nephrotoxicity<\/a> and perhaps bone fractures<\/a>. It has also been found as an adulterant in infant formulas and weaning foods, and exposure to dietary cadmium can be up to 12 times higher in children fed infant formulas than in breast-fed children. Cadmium has also been used in a chemiluminescence assay<\/a> and it inhibits autophagy<\/a>, the phenomenon that was the subject of last year\u2019s Nobel prize, awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi.<\/p>\n

The legend tells us that when Cadmus married Harmonia her mother gave her a gift of a necklace that Hephaestus had wrought. The necklace subsequently brought ill luck to all who possessed it. Polynices obtained the necklace and gave it to Amphiaraus (Oedipus\u2019s son by his mother Jocasta); both were killed during Polynices\u2019s battle to regain Thebes from his brother Eteocles, who also died. It was then passed on to Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus, who gave it to successive wives and came to a tragic end.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the necklace was fabricated from Cadmean earth.<\/p>\n

Some medical anniversaries in 2017<\/strong><\/p>\n

1517<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Leonardo Fioravanti<\/a>, Italian physician, surgeon, and alchemist<\/a>, born (died 1588)<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a1\"<\/p>\n

1617<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries<\/a> founded by Royal Charter, 12 December<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a2\"<\/p>\n

1667 \u00a0<\/strong>Jean-Baptiste Denys<\/a>,\u00a0first recorded blood transfusion<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a3\"<\/p>\n

1717<\/strong> \u00a0Rembert Dodoens<\/a>, Flemish physician and botanist, born 29 June<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a4\"<\/p>\n

1717 <\/strong>\u00a0Lady Mary Wortley Montague observes variolation in Turkey and writes to Sarah Chiswell about it, 1 April<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a5\"<\/p>\n

1817<\/strong> \u00a0Cato Guldberg & Peter Waage describe the Law of Mass Action<\/a> in French, having described it in Norwegian in 1814<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a6\"<\/p>\n

1817<\/strong> \u00a0Discovery of cadmium (Friedrich Strohmeyer), lithium (Johann August Arfvedson), selenium (Jakob Berzelius)<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a7\"<\/p>\n

1817<\/strong> \u00a0James Parkinson, An Essay on the Shaking Palsy<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a8\"<\/p>\n

1867<\/strong> \u00a0First elective operation for gallstones (chloecystotomy) by John Stough Bobbs<\/a><\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a9\"<\/p>\n

1867<\/strong> \u00a0Thomas Lauder Brunton<\/a> introduces amyl nitrate for angina pectoris<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a10\"<\/p>\n

1867<\/strong> \u00a0Joseph Lister<\/a>. On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess, etc.\u00a0Lancet<\/em> 1867; i: 326, 357, 387, 507<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a11\"<\/p>\n

1917<\/strong> \u00a0Sigmund Freud, Introduction to Pyschoanalysis<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a12\"<\/p>\n

1917<\/strong> \u00a0John Brownlee presents his investigation of the epidemiology of measles using Fourier analysis to the Royal Society (published<\/a> in 1920)<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a13\"<\/p>\n

1917<\/strong> \u00a0David John Finney<\/a> CBE, FRS born, 3 January; professor emeritus of statistics at the University of Edinburgh and a former president of the Royal Statistical Society and of the Biometric Society<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a14\"<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong> \u00a0Kartha, <\/a>Bello<\/a>, and\u00a0Harker<\/a>\u00a0describe the tertiary structure of ribonuclease<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a15\"<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong> \u00a0John Francis Banzhaf III<\/a> founds Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a16\"<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong> \u00a0First human heart transplant, Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, into Louis Washkansky by Christiaan Barnard, 3 December<\/p>\n

\"aronson_2017a17\"<\/p>\n

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Here are the topics covered by my selection of this year\u2019s anniversaries, illustrated below:    \u2022 chemistry (discovery of cadmium, lithium, and selenium; the Law of Mass Action);    \u2022 infectious diseases […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Medical anniversaries in 2017 - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/01\/06\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-anniversaries-in-2017\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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