{"id":37874,"date":"2016-11-25T15:46:09","date_gmt":"2016-11-25T14:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=37874"},"modified":"2016-11-29T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2016-11-29T08:55:34","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-melancholic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/11\/25\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-melancholic\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Melancholic"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>The fourth of\u00a0Galen\u2019s four fluid humours of the body<\/a>, \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae, black bile, was associated, when in supposed excess, with a melancholic temperament, as defined in the OED<\/em>: \u201cOriginally … sullen, unsociable, given to causeless anger, brooding (obs.). Later: liable to melancholy; depressed, gloomy, mournful\u201d.<\/p>\n

The IndoEuropean root MEL described any dark colour, typically black. The Greek adjectival derivative \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>, \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd (masculine, feminine, neuter) has given us melanin, the dark pigment in skin and hair, and derivatives such as melanism, melanocyte, melanoma, and melanuria, as well as melaena and of course melancholy. Psilomelane is an oxide of manganese that occurs in smooth, black, grape-like accumulations (Greek \u03c8\u1fd1\u03bb\u1f79\u03c2, bare). Melaleuca is an Australian genus of trees and shrubs with black trunks and white branches (Greek \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u1f79\u03c2, white). Melampyre is purple cow-wheat (Greek \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 wheat), a plant with black seeds that grows in cornfields. Melampodium (literally black foot) is black hellebore; borage and hellebore, Robert Burton claimed, in The Anatomy of Melancholy<\/em>, were<\/p>\n

Soveraigne plants to purge the veines,<\/em>
\nOf melancholy, and cheare the heart,<\/em>
\nOf those blacke fumes which make it smart.<\/em>
\nTo cleare the Braine of misty fogges,<\/em>
\nWhich dull our senses and Soule clogges.<\/em>
\nThe best medicines that ere God made<\/em>
\nFor this malady, if well essaid.<\/em><\/p>\n

But Pliny recommended hellebore for ascites, and it does contain cardiac glycosides<\/a>.<\/p>\n

When the German philosopher Philipp Schwartzerd (1497\u20131560) wanted to render his surname in Greek he translated it directly\u2014Melanchthon (\u03c7\u03b8\u1f7d\u03bd, earth). Melanesia is a group of islands in the south-west Pacific, “inhabited by dark-skinned peoples”, as the OED<\/em> puts it; it first appeared in French, in JSC Dumont D’Urville’s Voyage de l’Astrolabe<\/em> (1832).<\/p>\n

In Latin any dark river might be called Melas; mulleus was a reddish-purple shoe worn by patricians, a sort of mule; and mullus was a red mullet. In German Maler is a painter and in English a maulstick (Dutch maalstock) is a paintbrush.<\/p>\n

One would expect girls called Melanie to have black hair, but a search for pictures of Melanies suggests that many of them\u2014including Melania Trump<\/a>, Mel Giedroyc<\/a>, and ex-Spice Girl Mel C<\/a>\u2014do not. Mel B<\/a> is an exception. But then, I haven\u2019t taken dyes into account.<\/p>\n

The word melancholy entered English at the end of the 14th<\/sup> century, and was mentioned several times by Chaucer. Later texts devoted to the subject included A Treatise on Melancholy<\/em> by Timothy Bright (1586) and The Anatomy of Melancholy<\/em><\/a> by Robert Burton (1621). Burton, having classical humoral theory in mind and describing melancholy as cold and dry, wrote that \u201cthe common sort define it to bee a kinde of dotage without a feaver, having for his ordinary companions, feare, and sadnesse, without any apparant occasion.\u201d<\/p>\n

Perhaps the most famous depiction of melancholy is Albrecht D\u00fcrer\u2019s 1514 engraving, Melencolia I<\/em><\/a> (picture). We know that it\u2019s by D\u00fcrer, because he signed it with his monograph (in the bottom right hand corner). We also know the date of the engraving, because he included a magic square (in the top right hand corner), in which the numbers one to 16 are used and the date of the engraving, 1514, appears in the two middle cells in the bottom line. In this square the numbers in each row and column sum to 34, as do the numbers in the diagonals, the four corners, and each of the four outer quadrants and the central one. The engraving is rich with imagery<\/a>. Note, for example, the seascape with rainbow and comet and the several scientific symbols\u2014an hourglass, scales, compasses, and the large truncated polyhedron with its faint imprint of what may be a skull. One could not become melancholy studying D\u00fcrer\u2019s engraving.<\/p>\n

\"aronson_melancholy\"<\/a>
Melencolia I<\/em> by Albrecht D\u00fcrer (1514)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The fourth of\u00a0Galen\u2019s four fluid humours of the body, \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae, black bile, was associated, when in supposed excess, with a melancholic temperament, as defined in the OED: \u201cOriginally … […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Melancholic - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/11\/25\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-melancholic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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