{"id":37410,"date":"2016-09-16T11:17:53","date_gmt":"2016-09-16T10:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=37410"},"modified":"2016-09-16T11:28:27","modified_gmt":"2016-09-16T10:28:27","slug":"neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-from-cast-iron-to-concrete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/09\/16\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-from-cast-iron-to-concrete\/","title":{"rendered":"Neville Goodman&#8217;s Metaphor Watch: From cast iron to concrete"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/02\/neville_goodman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33270\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/02\/neville_goodman-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"neville_goodman\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>In the last blog, I looked at <em>cast iron<\/em> as a metaphor for <em>strong<\/em>. You could say that <em>concrete<\/em> was analogous as a metaphor for <em>real<\/em>: we want concrete evidence, not just something glimpsed in passing, or some vague speculation. I found over 300 papers in PubMed that presented concrete evidence: \u201c\u2026no concrete evidence demonstrating a role for endogenous APE1\u201d ; \u201c\u2026concrete evidence of the essential contribution of non-starter lactic acid bacteria\u201d; \u201c\u2026the most concrete evidence for cochlear power amplification to date.\u201d<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>I may be doing the writers some disservice. Most commonly, the word <em>concrete<\/em> brings to mind the material. In introducing concrete as analogous to cast iron, I intentionally suggested that meaning. But the word <em>concrete<\/em> precedes the material concrete by a number of centuries. Coming from the Latin, its first use recorded by the <em>OED<\/em> (in 1471) is as an adjective meaning \u201cunited or connected by growth\u201d and, not long after, \u201cformed by union or cohesion of particles into a mass\u201d. At much the same time, early logicians and grammarians applied it to things of the real world as opposed to abstract ideas. Perhaps medical writers attach this meaning to <em>concrete<\/em>, but I suspect they have in mind the \u201ccomposition of stone chippings, sand, gravel, pebbles, etc., formed into a mass with cement\u201d, which first appeared in 1834, and thus the writers are using <em>concrete<\/em> metaphorically.<\/p>\n<p>I wouldn\u2019t say it is an inappropriate metaphor, but it is an unnecessary word. What evidence would demonstrate a role for endogenous APE1 if it was not concrete\u2014ie, not real\u2014evidence? The \u201cmost concrete evidence for cochlear power amplification\u201d is simply the <em>best<\/em> evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Concrete is here what is called a &#8220;limpet adjective,&#8221; an adjective that is not needed and tends unthinkingly to be attached to certain nouns: <em>sheer<\/em> size, <em>utmost<\/em> urgency, <em>true<\/em> facts and <em>prestigious<\/em> prize. Prestigious means (<em>COD<\/em>) inspiring respect and admiration. Are there prizes that are not prestigious? Well, perhaps the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.darwinawards.com\">Darwin awards<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/literaryreview.co.uk\/bad-sex-in-fiction-award\">Bad Sex awards<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>If your evidence is strong then write &#8220;strong evidence&#8221; (but be aware that others may not be convinced). If your evidence is the first evidence then write &#8220;first evidence&#8221; (but make sure you\u2019ve searched properly).<\/p>\n<p>And the same goes for any other use of concrete in a medical article unless you are writing about the (see above) \u201ccomposition of stone chippings with cement\u201d. Searching PubMed for <em>concrete<\/em> retrieves nearly 10000 articles. Restricting the search to the titles of articles retrieves about 1000, most of which are about the material, although some are from semantics (e.g., concrete and abstract nouns). But that leaves about 9000 articles referring to concrete overviews, examples, suggestions or solutions. <em>Concrete<\/em> there means nothing more than real, and if it ain\u2019t real, it ain\u2019t worth writing about.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Neville Goodman<\/strong> is a retired consultant anaesthetist and a writer. He is co-author of a book on medical English.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> I have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that my only competing interest is my co-authorship of a book about medical English.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the last blog, I looked at cast iron as a metaphor for strong. You could say that concrete was analogous as a metaphor for real: we want concrete evidence, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/09\/16\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-from-cast-iron-to-concrete\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5763],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-metaphor-watch"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Neville Goodman&#039;s Metaphor Watch: From cast iron to concrete - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/09\/16\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-from-cast-iron-to-concrete\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neville Goodman&#039;s Metaphor Watch: From cast iron to concrete - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the last blog, I looked at cast iron as a metaphor for strong. 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