{"id":37214,"date":"2016-08-12T10:34:59","date_gmt":"2016-08-12T09:34:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=37214"},"modified":"2016-08-12T10:34:59","modified_gmt":"2016-08-12T09:34:59","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-narcissism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/08\/12\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-narcissism\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Narcissism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"92\" height=\"124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 92px) 100vw, 92px\" \/><\/a>In <em>Metamorphoses<\/em> Ovid tells us about Echo and Narcissus. He seems to have invented the tale, although the legends from which he weaves it were already parts of Greek mythology.<\/p>\n<p>The story starts with a dispute between Jupiter, king of the gods, and his wife Juno. Jupiter claims that women get more pleasure from sex than men do. Juno disagrees. Tiresias is the obvious person to ask, having been both a man and a woman in his time. Transgender is no new thing. Tiresias agrees with Jupiter. Juno, annoyed with the reply, strikes Tiresias blind. Jupiter, in compensation, gives him the power of prophecy. <!--more-->The Tiresias myth is Greek not Roman, but Ovid is telling the story in Latin, and so Zeus and Hera become Jupiter and Juno. The Greeks had other explanations for Tiresias\u2019s blindness. In one version, for example, it is a punishment for chancing on Athena bathing, the prophetic power again compensation.<\/p>\n<p>Many come to consult Tiresias, among them the naiad Liriope, who has borne a son, Narcissus, to the river god Cephissus. Will Narcissus live long, she asks. Tiresias answers \u201csi se non noverit\u201d (\u201cif he does not come to know himself\u201d). A strange prophecy, given <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flyallnight.com\/khaire\/DelphicMaxims\/maxims.htm\">the famous maxim<\/a>, inscribed, Pausanias tells us, in the forecourt of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd, \u201cknow thyself\u201d. The meaning of Tiresias\u2019s prophecy emerges later.<\/p>\n<p>Echo\u2019s story, as told by Ovid, also figures Juno. Finding her errant husband dallying with nymphs on Mount Helicon, she is diverted by Echo\u2019s chatter, allowing the others to escape. But Juno is not fooled. Making the punishment fit the crime, she condemns Echo to lose her power of speech, except for repeating words that she has just heard.<\/p>\n<p>And now the stories of Echo and Narcissus converge (picture). She falls in love with him, but he rejects her, as he does all other suitors. She pines away, leaving her disembodied voice to echo through the woods and hills. Nemesis then sees to it that Narcissus falls in love with his own beautiful reflection in a pool of water. Like Echo, he pines away, his love unrequited. When he dies he metamorphoses into a flower, its white petals clustered round a cup of gold.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-37222 \" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/08\/aronson_narcism.png\" alt=\"aronson_narcism\" width=\"501\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/08\/aronson_narcism.png 605w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/08\/aronson_narcism-300x166.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>John William Waterhouse&#8217;s Pre-Raphaelite depiction of the story of Echo and Narcissus (1903)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pliny and Plutarch explained Narcissus\u2019s name post hoc, deriving it from the Greek words \u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 and \u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, numbness and torpor, from which we get narcosis, narcotics, and narcolepsy. Narcosine is another name for noscapine, a non-analgesic opium alkaloid, which has been used as a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/13461774\">cough suppressant<\/a> and which may have <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27237331\">anticancer properties<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNarcissism\u201d, simply meaning vanity, is first recorded in an 1822 letter of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: \u201cI am glad to be able to correct my fears as far as public Balls, Concerts, and Time-murder in Narcissism.\u201d In children narcissism (primary narcissism) is normal; in adults (secondary narcissism) it is not. According to DSM-5, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.psi.uba.ar\/academica\/carrerasdegrado\/psicologia\/sitios_catedras\/practicas_profesionales\/820_clinica_tr_personalidad_psicosis\/material\/dsm.pdf\">Narcissistic Personality Disorder<\/a> is characterised by impairment of self functioning (identity or self-direction) and interpersonal functioning (empathy or intimacy), with attention seeking behaviour and grandiosity. The English term was first used by Havelock Ellis in <a href=\"https:\/\/jenseyatvajameh.files.wordpress.com\/2008\/07\/studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-volume-1-by-havelock-ellis.pdf\"><em>Studies in the Psychology of Sex<\/em><\/a> (1905): \u201cSince I called attention to this form of auto-erotism (<em>Alienist and Neurologist<\/em>, April, 1898), several writers have discussed the condition, especially N\u00e4cke, who, following out the suggestion, terms the condition Narcissism.\u201d Ellis\u2019s term was \u201cnarcissus-like\u201d. Paul N\u00e4cke\u2019s term \u201cNarzi\u00dfmus\u201d (<em>Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen<\/em>, 1899) referred to autoerotic masturbation\u2014\u201csex with someone I love\u201d, as Woody Allen described it in <em>Annie Hall<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Eliza Gregory Wilkins, in an extensive <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/4387662.pdf?_=1470846025321\">review<\/a> of references to \u201cknow thyself\u201d in Greek and Latin literature (\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd and \u201cnosce teipsum\u201d), interpreted the phrase variously, including know what you can and cannot do, know your place, know the limits of your wisdom, know your own faults, know you are mortal, know your own soul. But \u201cknow thyself\u201d doesn\u2019t mean \u201clove thyself\u201d, and another famous Delphic maxim, \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd, warns \u201cnothing in excess\u201d. Narcissus\u2019s fate, as Tiresias foretold, was to know himself too well in one sense and not well enough in another. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16336663\">Fictional examples<\/a>\u00a0of narcissists include Dorian Gray, Jay Gatsby, and Narcissa Malfoy, cinematic ones Federico Fellini in <em>8\u00bd<\/em> and Woody Allen in <em>Stardust Memories<\/em>. Real life ones include many narcissistic politicians, businessmen, and celebrities, some of whose identities no doubt readily spring to mind.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to Amanda Adler for raising the subject.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Metamorphoses Ovid tells us about Echo and Narcissus. He seems to have invented the tale, although the legends from which he weaves it were already parts of Greek mythology. [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/08\/12\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-narcissism\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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