{"id":36051,"date":"2016-01-22T13:37:41","date_gmt":"2016-01-22T12:37:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=36051"},"modified":"2016-01-27T10:25:55","modified_gmt":"2016-01-27T09:25:55","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-fifty-up","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/01\/22\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-fifty-up\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Fifty up"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"137\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 137px) 100vw, 137px\" \/><\/a>This is the fiftieth blog in my &#8220;When I Use a Word&#8221; series. You\u2019ve been counting, of course.<\/p>\n<p>To appreciate fully the range of words that imply \u201cfive\u201d and \u201cfifth\u201d, \u201cfifteen\u201d and \u201cfifty\u201d requires an understanding of the phonetic phenomenon of assimilation, which is the modification of a sound in a word, phrase, or sentence, making it more like a neighbouring sound. For instance, in the word \u201cgoodbye\u201d the <em>d<\/em> in \u201cgood\u201d is assimilated to the <em>b<\/em> in \u201cbye\u201d, making it sound like \u201cgoobbye\u201d or just \u201cg\u2019bye\u201d. Similarly, \u201cgoing to\u201d becomes \u201cgonna\u201d; the <em>g<\/em> and <em>t<\/em> assimilate to the preceding <em>n<\/em>. Latin prefixes often change their final letter by assimilation; for example, ad (towards) + ferre (to carry) gives \u201cafferent\u201d.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>The basic Indo-European form of the word for five was PENKWE. Assimilated forms were PEMPE (with assimilation of the KW in PENKWE to the preceding P) and KWENKWE (assimilation of the P in PENKWE to the later KW). Neatly symmetrical.<\/p>\n<p>Words that denote five have come into English from Sanskrit pancha, Greek \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 (pente) or in some dialects \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5 (pempe), and Latin quinque. In Teutonic languages <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/05\/01\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-grimms-law\">Grimm\u2019s Law<\/a> turns pente into fem; femten in Danish and Norwegian (femton in Swedish) means fifteen.<\/p>\n<p>The Punjab is a region of five rivers, from the Sanskrit pancha. According to <em><a href=\"http:\/\/dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu\/cgi-bin\/philologic\/contextualize.pl?p.1.hobson.2087375\">Hobson-Jobson. The Anglo-Indian Dictionary<\/a><\/em>, the rivers were the Indus, Jelam or Behat, Vitasta, Chen\u0101b, and Bi\u0101s. Punch was originally a drink containing five ingredients, arrack, sugar, lime-juice, spice, and water, from a Sanskrit word pa\u00f1c\u0101m\u1e5bta, five immortal nectars.<\/p>\n<p>Derivatives of \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 include Pentecost, the festival that falls 50 days after the Passover (Greek \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae = 50); penteconter, a ship with 50 oars (\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2); and pentecontadrachm, an ancient Cyrenian coin worth 50 drachmas (\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd). A pentagon is pentelateral. Pentene has five carbon atoms. Pempidine is pentamethylpiperidine.<\/p>\n<p>Derivatives of quinque include quinquagesima, the period of 50 days before Lent; quinquelateral, having five sides; and quinquereme, an ancient Greek or Roman galley rowed by oarsmen arranged in groups of five. People are quinquedigitate, except, of course, the Simpsons, who have only four digits on each hand. Quinquecostate, having five ribs, refers to the five parallel lines on which characters of the ancient alphabet called <a href=\"http:\/\/www.claddaghdesign.com\/blog\/history\/a-guide-to-the-ogham-alphabet\/\">ogham<\/a> were based.<\/p>\n<p>Quintessence (Latin quintus, fifth) was originally an essential addition to the four basic elements. Quintuplets, which can occur <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15485001\">spontaneously<\/a>, more often occur as a result of fertility medications such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22385662\">clomiphene<\/a>. Quentin (Latin Quintus) was a name given to a fifth son. In Spanish speaking countries a quinta is a villa in the country, one-fifth of whose estate is payable as rent. In the card game piquet a quint is a sequence of five cards of the same suit. A quincunx is an arrangement of five objects, usually trees, like the five spots on a die. Quincunxes feature prominently in Charles Palliser\u2019s 1989 Dickensian novel <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/v16\/n09\/jonathan-coe\/shuddering-organisms\">The Quincunx<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Derivatives in English from the Teutonic languages include not only five, fifth, fifteen, and fifty, but also finger, fist, and foist (to cheat by palming).<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bipm.org\/en\/measurement-units\">Syst\u00e8me Internationales d&#8217;Unit\u00e9s<\/a> (SI) was first introduced in 1948 and is full of etymological interest. Take for example, the prefixes for different powers of ten (see tables) and note femto, which stands for 10<sup>-15<\/sup>. Because the SI units do not stretch far enough on either side, some years ago I proposed new terms, which have since been listed and cited in the first five of the six volumes of Christoph Schiller\u2019s wonderful series of books about physics, <em>Motion Mountain<\/em>, which can be downloaded free from motionmountain.net. The earlier prefixes start with a pattern, but then lose it; the later ones, however, from 10<sup>15<\/sup> up and 10<sup>\u201321<\/sup> down, are derived logically from consecutive Greek number words. For the new coinages I chose initial letters that were not already represented, continuing the backward progression through the alphabet that had already been started from Zetta and zepto. I hope that these coinages will eventually be fully adopted into the Syst\u00e8me Internationales d&#8217;Unit\u00e9s, even if it takes 50 years.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-36053\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/01\/aronson_50-300x269.png\" alt=\"aronson_50\" width=\"370\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/01\/aronson_50-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/01\/aronson_50.png 499w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-36054\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/01\/aronson_50_2-300x265.png\" alt=\"aronson_50_2\" width=\"370\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/01\/aronson_50_2-300x265.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2016\/01\/aronson_50_2.png 508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tables:<\/strong> Pefixes to the names of SI units of measurement; the terms in the last four lines in\u00a0each table (from 10<sup>27<\/sup> and 10<sup>\u201327<\/sup>) are unofficial; L = Latin; Gr = Greek; Sp = Spanish; Sc = Scandinavian<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the fiftieth blog in my &#8220;When I Use a Word&#8221; series. You\u2019ve been counting, of course. To appreciate fully the range of words that imply \u201cfive\u201d and \u201cfifth\u201d, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/01\/22\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-fifty-up\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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