{"id":35684,"date":"2015-11-20T09:44:33","date_gmt":"2015-11-20T08:44:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=35684"},"modified":"2015-11-20T15:16:58","modified_gmt":"2015-11-20T14:16:58","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-terrorism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/11\/20\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-terrorism\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Terrorism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"127\" height=\"171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 127px) 100vw, 127px\" \/><\/a>The Latin word \u201cterror,\u201d from the hypothetical Indo-European root TER, implying trembling, meant \u201cthe fact or quality of inspiring terror\u201d (<em>Oxford Latin Dictionary<\/em>) and a person or thing that causes terror. Territare meant to constrain by fear, to try to scare, or, as we would now say, to terrorize. From \u201cterror\u201d we get such words as terrible, deterrent, and perhaps turmoil. \u201cTerrific\u201d originally meant terrifying or terrible; it now means the opposite.<\/p>\n<p>In Greek <em>\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 <\/em>meant a monster, something that might make you tremble, like Cerberus, the Chimera, the Gorgons, the Hydra, the Sphinx (pictures below.)<!--more--> It also meant a monstrous birth and a marvel or an incredible statement. Teratology, originally defined in <a href=\"http:\/\/rbsc.library.ubc.ca\/news\/time-to-hit-the-road-the-road-to-the-oed\">Edward Phillips\u2019s dictionary<\/a> <em>The New World of English Words<\/em> (1678 edition), as \u201ca discourse of prodigies and wonders,\u201d in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century came to mean the study of human \u201cmonsters.\u201d A teratoma is a tumour that, like some Greek monsters, contains tissues of different germ cell origins.<\/p>\n<p>Metathesize TER, and you get TRE, giving other fearful words: the Greek <em>\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>, a sort of fright and flight, and the Latin tremere, to quake for any reason and specifically to be fearful, giving tremble, tremor, and intrepid. \u201cTremendous\u201d originally meant dreadful or horrible; it now means the opposite. Delirium tremens was first defined in 1813 by Dr Thomas Sutton as a form of delirium, not necessarily alcoholic, worsened by bleeding and improved by opium. Among tremulous flora and fauna are Tremandra plants, with their shaking anthers, and the gelatinous <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26253954\">Tremella<\/a> fungi; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25656431\">tremella-like nanocomposites<\/a> have electrochemical uses. Treron pigeons get their name from <em>\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>, tremulous and shy like a dove. And a vowel shift gives us tromometer (Greek <em>\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>, trembling), an instrument that detects earthly tremors.<\/p>\n<p>Terror has been used as a weapon since early times, by insurgents and governments alike, sometimes by one masquerading as the other. The tyrants of ancient Greece and Sicily, probably named after a Phrygian god, \u039c\u1f74\u03bd \u03a4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, and nothing to do with terror, were benevolent rulers who encouraged democracy. But by the 5<sup>th<\/sup> century BC tyrants were despots who ruled by fear. Wherever they were, tyrannicide was encouraged, although later Aristotle warned, in his <em>Politics<\/em>, that tyranny and extreme democracy could be equally degrading.<\/p>\n<p>The first terrorists to be so called emerged in the late 18<sup>th<\/sup> century. A group of Dominican monks founded a house in the rue St Jacques in Paris and became known as Jacobins. Then when the Breton Club, a left wing political debating society, founded in Versailles in 1789, moved to an old Jacobin convent in the rue St Honor\u00e9, it became known as the Jacobin Club. Its members instituted the Reign of Terror, and so became known as terroristes, and their activities terrorisme, coinages that first appeared in 1794, in Fran\u00e7ois No\u00ebl (\u201cGracchus\u201d) Babeuf\u2019s newspaper <em>le Tribune du peuple<\/em>. And although there were already other verbs for what they did (atterrer, terrorifier), a new verb was coined\u2014terroriser. First the terroristes terrorized the aristocrats; then, having seized power themselves, they terrorized other \u201cenemies of the people\u201d, which meant anybody they found despicable, including each other. Robespierre, for example, had H\u00e9bert, Danton, and Desmoulins guillotined and then, along with Saint-Just, Couthon, and others, was dealt with similarly by Barras. The Jacobins\u2019 Red Terror, as it was known, was followed by a royalist counterversion, the White Terror.<\/p>\n<p>By the middle of the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century \u201cterrorist\u201d gained a more general meaning: \u201ca member of a clandestine or expatriate organization aiming to coerce an established government by acts of violence against it or its subjects\u201d (<em>Oxford English Dictionary<\/em>). Modern subtypes include ecoterrorists, bioterrorists, and agroterrorists. Intellectual terrorists terrorize figuratively.<\/p>\n<p>Commentating during a test match on 7 August 2006, the Australian cricketer Dean Jones, thinking he was off air, said of the South African player Hashim Amla, &#8220;the terrorist gets another wicket&#8221;. Jones later apologized, but surprisingly he missed the opportunity of using the excuse that in South Africa \u201cterrorist\u201d has been used jocularly to mean a tourist, typically referring to a Transvaaler in the Cape. A usage better avoided in these troubled times.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/11\/aronson_terrorism.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-35686\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/11\/aronson_terrorism.jpg\" alt=\"aronson_terrorism\" width=\"129\" height=\"178\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/11\/aronson_terrorism2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-35687\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/11\/aronson_terrorism2.jpg\" alt=\"aronson_terrorism2\" width=\"144\" height=\"102\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/11\/aronson_terrorism3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-35688\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/11\/aronson_terrorism3.jpg\" alt=\"aronson_terrorism3\" width=\"152\" height=\"177\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Like teratomas, terrifying Greek monsters were often composite: the Sphinx (left) had the body of a lion, an eagle\u2019s wings, and the torso of a woman; the chimera (middle) had the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent; centaurs (right) had men\u2019s torsos and horses\u2019 bodies.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Latin word \u201cterror,\u201d from the hypothetical Indo-European root TER, implying trembling, meant \u201cthe fact or quality of inspiring terror\u201d (Oxford Latin Dictionary) and a person or thing that causes [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/11\/20\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-terrorism\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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