{"id":35107,"date":"2015-09-04T15:16:06","date_gmt":"2015-09-04T14:16:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=35107"},"modified":"2015-09-04T15:16:06","modified_gmt":"2015-09-04T14:16:06","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-onomatopoeia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/09\/04\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-onomatopoeia\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Medical onomatopoeia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"113\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 113px) 100vw, 113px\" \/><\/a>Seeking early medical words in the Old English dictionary known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/08\/28\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-first-medical-word\">Epinal glossary<\/a>, I was not surprised to find that one of the dozen examples I unearthed was onomatopoeic: iesca (yesk or yex, a sob, a hiccup, or the hiccups). Perhaps I should have been surprised that there weren\u2019t more; after all, some early words in all languages must have been onomatopoeic, imitating local sounds, typically those of birds, like chickadee, cuckoo, owl, and peewit.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Preceded by the French form hoquet, \u201chiccup\u201d was originally spelled hiquet, hicket, hickot, hickock, or even hitchcock (unrelated to the surname Hitchcock, which simply means \u201clittle Richard\u201d). By the late 16th\u00a0century \u201chiccup\u201d was the established spelling, but because it was also known as a drunken man\u2019s cough, in the 17th century it became \u201chiccough\u201d, pronounced \u201chiccup.\u201d In his dictionary Samuel Johnson incorrectly wrote that \u201chickup\u201d was a corrupted form of \u201chiccough\u201d. Yesk, or by metathesis yex, to sob or hiccup, belch or expectorate, came from the Latin oscitare, to gape, but may also have been imitative of the sound of hiccups. In <em>The<\/em> <em>Canterbury Tales<\/em>, Chaucer\u2019s miller tells a scurrilous tale about a carpenter. In revenge, the reeve, a carpenter himself, tells a tale about a drunken miller, who yexes and speaks through his nose; or, as Neville Coghill\u2019s version has it, \u201chiccupping through his nose he talked and trolled\/As if he\u2019d asthma or a heavy cold.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Around 700 words are described in the <em>Oxford English Dictionary<\/em> as being etymologically echoic, imitative, or onomatopoeic. Those starting with the letters <em>b<\/em>, <em>f<\/em>, <em>g<\/em>, <em>j<\/em>, <em>t<\/em>, and <em>w<\/em> are over-represented (60% compared with 23% of the complete lexicon). Examples include buzz, fizz, glug, jabber, tick-tock, and whinny, like Gulliver\u2019s houyhnhnms. In many cases the second letter is an l or an r (16% and 8% of the total respectively), also over-represented.<\/p>\n<p>Flush is a good example. The initial letters suggest flying and fluttering, and the ending suggests the sound that results. Flush originally meant to fly up quickly and suddenly, wings aflutter. It then came to mean to drive birds out in order to make them flush, and thus more generally to reveal something or bring it into the open. Flying, fluttering, fluidity, fluctuation, flatus, the bloody flux, and flushing are all connected with flow (Latin fluxus). We hear the flush when we flush a toilet, and the rush of blood to face and neck, called a hot flush in the UK and a hot flash in the USA, is also onomatopoeic, even though we can\u2019t hear it.<\/p>\n<p>The earliest recorded instance of \u201cflush\u201d is in <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> (1667) when Milton describes Eve\u2019s embarrassment on telling Adam that she has eaten the fruit: \u201cIn her Cheek distemper flushing glowd\u201d; Adam responds by turning pale at the thought of the punishment to come. But flashes antedate flushes. Here is Spenser describing the maiden modesty of Britomart in <em>The Faerie Queene<\/em> (1590): \u201cEver and anon the rosy red, Flashed through her face . . . \u201d (picture).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/09\/aronson_onomatopoeia.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-35117\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/09\/aronson_onomatopoeia-300x182.png\" alt=\"aronson_onomatopoeia\" width=\"419\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/09\/aronson_onomatopoeia-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/09\/aronson_onomatopoeia.png 546w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Britomart in <em>The Faerie Queen<\/em>, as depicted by Walter Crane (1900); in the poem she represents Queen Elizabeth I<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Onomatopoeia occurs in other parts of the body too. Galloping is probably something to do with leaping and loping, but it may also have been influenced by the sound of horses\u2019 hooves. If you hear the heart sounds going lub-dub-up, the \u201cup\u201d is a third heart sound; if up-lub-dub it\u2019s a fourth heart sound. The former sounds like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F5jeSUKEv6s\">a horse cantering<\/a>, but both are called gallop rhythms. And onomatopoeic murmurs may accompany them.<\/p>\n<p>Further down still, borborygmi, low pitched intestinal rumblings, come from the Greek word \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (borboros), meaning mud; \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u1fe1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 meant dirty minded and \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7 lewd. The word does sound like something rumbling, but perhaps it also related to muddy bowel contents. You usually hear borborygmi in the abdomen, and in the right iliac fossa they suggest <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2584292\">appendicitis<\/a>. Inspirational borborygmi in the chest have been reported in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2283493\/pdf\/brmedj03921-0014.pdf\">cases of para-oesophageal hernia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To gag is to strangle or suffocate, imitating the sound made in choking. Hence, the gag reflex. By transference, a gag is something used to stop up the mouth or to keep the jaws open during surgery. Gagging for air is choking, but, in case you thought we\u2019d worked back up the body again, gagging for it is being desperate for something altogether different.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Seeking early medical words in the Old English dictionary known as the Epinal glossary, I was not surprised to find that one of the dozen examples I unearthed was onomatopoeic: [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/09\/04\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-onomatopoeia\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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