{"id":34981,"date":"2015-08-14T13:02:22","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T12:02:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=34981"},"modified":"2015-08-14T13:02:32","modified_gmt":"2015-08-14T12:02:32","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-backronyms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/08\/14\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-backronyms\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Backronyms"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>A backronym is not an acronym written backwards but one that is formed retrospectively. The Oxford English Dictionary<\/em> (OED<\/em>) gives two definitions:<\/p>\n

1. An acronym formed from a phrase whose initial letters spell out a particular word or words, chosen to enhance memorability.
\n2. A contrived explanation of an existing word’s origin, positing it as an acronym.<\/p>\n

The earliest citation in the OED<\/em> is from 1983 in the Washington Post<\/em>, where a backronym was explained as being \u201cthe same as an acronym, except that the words were chosen to fit the letters.\u201d Given this definition, it can sometimes be difficult to decide whether what appears to be an acronym is really a backronym.<\/p>\n

The technique of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, invented by Charles Townes and his colleagues at Columbia University in 1953, became known by the acronym maser. When an optical version of this was created, it was called a laser, the l<\/em> of light replacing the m<\/em> of microwave. Then, when the technique was extended beyond microwaves to radio and infrared waves, Townes suggested changing \u201cmicrowave\u201d to \u201cmolecular\u201d, making the acronymic \u201cmaser\u201d a backronym.<\/p>\n

Many medical acronyms are probably backronyms, since the names are often chosen to fit the letters of a word rather than becoming a word after abbreviation. This can be clearly seen in cases where the acronym involves letters other than the initial ones. CHICAGO (Carotid intima-media tHICkness in Atherosclerosis using pioGlitazOne) is an egregious example.<\/p>\n

The magnetic resonance imaging technique fluid-attenuated inversion recovery<\/a> is called FLAIR, which sounds more stylish and impressive than FIR or FAIR. FLAIR can be used to diagnose PRES, the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, characterised by headache, seizures, visual loss, and altered cognition, which was first described, by Casey et al<\/a>, as being associated with bilateral subcortical and cortical edema with a predominantly posterior distribution. It was also called reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), although it affected both grey and white matter. Pronounceability and the frequent association with hypertension reinforced the preferred adoption of PRES. However, in later cases posterior involvement was not prominent and in some cases reversibility was not spontaneous. The acronym was therefore reinterpreted as the potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome<\/a>. Since the syndrome seems to be a non-specific response to a wide range of conditions, including toxemia of pregnancy, Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, acute intermittent porphyria, cryoglobulinaemia, severe hypercalcaemia, transplantation, and immune suppression, this backronym is suitably vague.<\/p>\n

Backronyms that are related to the features that they name could be called cognate acronyms. Examples include SAD<\/a> (seasonal affective disorder), SCARS<\/a> (severe [or serious] cutaneous adverse [drug] reactions), and CARE<\/a> (copies, arrangements, results, enclosures, referring to clinical communications). In contrast, HALT-MI<\/a> didn\u2019t and DEFINITE<\/a> wasn\u2019t.<\/p>\n

The OED<\/em>\u2019s second definition captures a range of folk etymologies, words whose origins are popularly but incorrectly supposed to be acronymic. They include posh (\u201cport out starboard home\u201d), ned (\u201cnon-educated delinquent\u201d), cop (\u201cconstable on patrol\u201d), golf (\u201cgentlemen only, ladies forbidden\u201d), and tip (\u201cto insure promptness\u201d). The origins of these words may not always be clear, but these supposed explanations are backronymic and false.<\/p>\n

\"aronson_aus\"<\/a><\/p>\n

In 2004, the UK government of the day issued a report titled \u201cModernising Medical Careers\u201d (MMC), which described plans for dealing with the problems of training junior hospital doctors. This led to the implementation in 2006 of a system called the Medical Training Application Service (MTAS, pronounced em-tass), which turned out to be a disaster<\/a>. Some suggested that MMC actually stood for \u201cmass medical culling\u201d and MTAS for \u201cmigrating to Australia soon\u201d, a backronymic intention that some no doubt carried out.<\/p>\n

Image:<\/strong> Migrating To Australia Soon? Doctors protesting about MTAS in May 2007 (BMJ<\/em> 2007; 335: 582)<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A backronym is not an acronym written backwards but one that is formed retrospectively. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives two definitions: 1. An acronym formed from a phrase whose […]<\/p>\n

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