{"id":34798,"date":"2015-07-24T09:16:53","date_gmt":"2015-07-24T08:16:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=34798"},"modified":"2015-07-24T14:08:50","modified_gmt":"2015-07-24T13:08:50","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-back-breaking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/24\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-back-breaking\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Back breaking"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"113\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 113px) 100vw, 113px\" \/><\/a>Words typically develop from a root of some sort, and derivatives are formed from a primary word by changing or adding something. You can do this in many ways. You can form adjectives, for example, from other words by adding prefixes or suffixes, such as un\u2013 and dis\u2013, or \u2013ed, \u2013ful, \u2013ive, \u2013less,\u2013y, \u2013ic, \u2013al, and \u2013ical, adverbs by adding \u2013ly, and nouns by adding \u2013ness and other endings. So, take a breath. The Indo-European root BHRE, which implied warmth and stirring, gives us words such as broth, bread, and braise. A breath is a warm exhalation, originally from anything cooking or burning. Derivatives include breathful, breathless, breathlessly, breathlessness, breathily, and breathalyser.<\/p>\n<p>Back-formations, in contrast, are words that are formed by shortening other words, which can be done by <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-bad\">aphaeresis<\/a> (fore-clipping) or <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/10\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-worse\">apocope<\/a> (back-clipping). In using a breathalyser you breathalyse, a back formation.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Several medically relevant nouns and verbs arise in this way. Examples, with dates taken from the earliest recorded instances cited in the <em>Oxford English Dictionary<\/em>, include:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 chromatography (1937) and chromatograph (1953);<br \/>\n\u2022 diagnosis (1681) and diagnose (1861);<br \/>\n\u2022 esterification (1898) and esterify (1907);<br \/>\n\u2022 phagocytosis (1890) and phagocytose (1905);<br \/>\n\u2022 prognosis (1649) and prognose (1867);<br \/>\n\u2022 stereoisomerization (1943) and stereoisomerize (1952);<br \/>\n\u2022 thrombosis (1706) and thrombose (1910);<br \/>\n\u2022 venesection (1661) and venesect (1833).<\/p>\n<p>However, back-formations are not common. For example, of 117 words ending in \u2013lysis listed in the <em>OED<\/em>, only 12 have back-formations (e.g.\u00a0analysis and analyse, catalysis and catalyse, dialysis and dialyse, hydrolysis and hydrolyse, paralysis and paralyse).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_politically-correct.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright  wp-image-34802\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_politically-correct.png\" alt=\"aronson_politically correct\" width=\"204\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_politically-correct.png 318w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_politically-correct-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><\/a>Now, if you can, consider \u201cabled\u201d, an aphaeretic antonymic back-formation from \u201cdisabled\u201d. The earliest recorded use dates, surprisingly, from 1946, in a report from the proceedings of the US Congress House of Representatives, referring to \u201cthe abled and disabled veteran\u201d. However, the word started to come into its own in the 1980s, with the introduction of terms such as \u201cdifferently abled\u201d, \u201cotherly or otherwise abled\u201d, \u201cspecially abled\u201d, and \u201cuniquely abled\u201d. Instances are to be found in <em>A Feminist Dictionary<\/em> (1985) by Cheris Kramarae and Paula A Treichler and <em>The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and Handbook<\/em> (1992) by Henry Beard and Christopher Cerf (picture).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe are dis-abled by society,\u201d as a writer in the second-wave feminist magazine <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bl.uk\/spare-rib\">Spare Rib<\/a><\/em> explained, \u201cnot by ourselves or our dis-abilities.\u201d Thus, the Smith College Office of Student Affairs reported in 1990 that the term \u201cdifferently abled\u201d was \u201ccreated to underline the concept that differently abled individuals are just that, not less or inferior in any way.\u201d The Office also defined \u201cableism\u201d as \u201coppression of the differently abled, by the temporarily able.\u201d Stairs are an example of ableist architecture. Sona Osman, writing in <em>Spare Rib<\/em> in 1983, explained that \u201ctemporarily able-bodied\u201d (or TAB) was preferable to \u201cable-bodied\u201d, because \u201cdisabilities are an issue for all, not just because many will (for instance) lose our hearing and our mobility if we live long enough, but because notions of having to have \u2018perfect\u2019 bodies disable us all.\u201d By the way, \u201ctemporarily metabolically abled\u201d means alive.<\/p>\n<p>But perhaps the most famous back-formation of all was coined by P G Wodehouse, in <em>The Code of the Woosters<\/em> (1938), in a description of Jeeves\u2019s demeanour at being told that Bertie has no intention of taking a world cruise: \u201cHe spoke with a certain what-is-it in his voice, and I could see that, if not actually disgruntled, he was far from being gruntled\u2026.\u201d Bertie doesn\u2019t tell us, but presumably Jeeves, being Jeeves, was also couth, kempt, and shevelled.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words typically develop from a root of some sort, and derivatives are formed from a primary word by changing or adding something. You can do this in many ways. You [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/24\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-back-breaking\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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