{"id":34694,"date":"2015-07-10T16:23:12","date_gmt":"2015-07-10T15:23:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=34694"},"modified":"2015-07-13T11:40:20","modified_gmt":"2015-07-13T10:40:20","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-worse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/10\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-worse\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Breaking worse"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"155\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 155px) 100vw, 155px\" \/><\/a>There is a bewildering number of ways to break a word.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/06\/26\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-an-indefinite-article\">metanalysis<\/a> you reinterpret the form of a word, creating a new one. An umpire, for example, was originally a noumpere, from the old French word nonper, peerless, although one batsman suggested, when I gave him out, that it was from non p\u00e8re, fatherless (at least I think that\u2019s what he meant).<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-bad\">Aphaeresis<\/a> (Greek \u1f00\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, removal) is the omission of elements from the beginning of a word\u2014linguistic amputation. Examples include burger, cello, copter, phone, and statin. A bus was originally an omnibus (Latin, for all). Aphaeresis also means surgical excision, amputation, or tooth extraction (obsolete meanings). Plasmapheresis is separation of elements of the blood. In extracorporeal photopheresis, leukapheresed peripheral blood mononuclear cells are exposed to UVA light in the presence of the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen and then reinfused, a technique that has been used to treat a range of conditions, including <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25881738\">bronchiolitis obliterans<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23786842\">haematological malignancies<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25886694\">autoimmune diseases<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25748231\">acute graft-versus-host disease.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Apocope (Greek \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f21, a cutting off) is the opposite, the omission of elements from the end of a word: kit for kitten, marge for margarine or Marge for Margery, journo for journalist, lab for laboratory, cipro for ciprofloxacin, simva for simvastatin.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes aphaeresis and apocope co-exist\u2014linguistic phocomelia. Elizabeth becomes Liz or Liza and a detective a tec. From a quick Pubmed search, I found that \u201cinfluenza\u201d is much more commonly used in bioscience papers than \u201cflu\u201d, except that \u201cflu-like\u201d is almost as commonly used as \u201cinfluenza-like\u201d (table). I just thought you\u2019d like to know that.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breaking-worse-table.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-34704\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breaking-worse-table.png\" alt=\"aronson_breaking worse table\" width=\"515\" height=\"112\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breaking-worse-table.png 515w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breaking-worse-table-300x65.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Aphesis (Greek \u1f04\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, letting go) is \u201cthe gradual and unintentional loss of a short unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word\u201d (<em>OED<\/em>). \u201cSquire\u201d for esquire, \u201cten\u2026shun!\u201d for attention! The process is similar to aphaeresis, and the two words are often used interchangeably. Aphesis sometimes produces a new word altogether: a slant is aslant, a longshoreman is one who works alongshore, the vanguard is avant garde, a bishop is episcopalian, and a sample is an example. In his lipogrammatic novel <em>La Disparition<\/em>, Georges Perec completely avoided using the letter <em>e<\/em>, although he couldn\u2019t avoid it in the byline. When Gilbert Adair translated Perec\u2019s novel into English he called it <em>A Void<\/em>, aphetically avoiding the use of the otherwise ubiquitous letter. Spaniards have difficulty in pronouncing English words that begin with <em>s<\/em> and they add an <em>e<\/em> at the start\u2014prothesis, the opposite of aphesis; esnobismo is snobbery; and esmoquin is a dinner jacket. Conversely, English has words in which the initial Spanish <em>e<\/em> is dropped: Espa\u00f1a becomes Spain and estivador, a packer, becomes a stevedore.<\/p>\n<p>Lone fibrillation is fibrillation that has no apparent cause\u2014it is aphetically \u201calone\u201d. It was first named by Evans and Swann in 1954 (picture). I recall a student who presented a case of atrial fibrillation and described the differential diagnosis. Her last entry was &#8220;loan fibrillation&#8221;. It was just a typo; she knew what it should have been. But a colleague suggested that it was the arrhythmia you get when the building society forecloses your mortgage.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breakingworse.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-34697\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breakingworse.png\" alt=\"aronson_breakingworse\" width=\"510\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breakingworse.png 665w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_breakingworse-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A case of lone auricular (i.e. atrial) fibrillation, first named by William Evans and Peter Swann (<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/13160271\">Br Heart J<\/a><\/em> 1954; 16(2): 189-94).<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is a bewildering number of ways to break a word. In metanalysis you reinterpret the form of a word, creating a new one. An umpire, for example, was originally [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/10\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-worse\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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