{"id":34624,"date":"2015-07-03T16:51:38","date_gmt":"2015-07-03T15:51:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=34624"},"modified":"2015-07-06T09:17:30","modified_gmt":"2015-07-06T08:17:30","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-bad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-bad\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Breaking bad"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"155\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 155px) 100vw, 155px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/06\/26\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-an-indefinite-article\">Metanalysis<\/a> is when you break a word badly. It\u2019s defined in the <em>Oxford English Dictionary<\/em> as \u201cthe reinterpretation of the form of a word, resulting in the creation of a new word; esp. the changing of the boundaries between words or morphological units.\u201d Pea and cherry fit the first part of this definition; they were derived by metanalysis from pease and cherise, original singular forms that sound plural. The second part describes how a word breaks up into smaller parts, a new word being formed. In about the 15th century the indefinite article, a or an, was commonly written in combination with the accompanying noun as a single word (aman, anague). When a century or so later they became separated again, there was often uncertainty about where the division should occur. In some cases this led to spurious metanalytic words (for example,\u00a0a nague), a few of which persisted. Take a naedre, the Old English word for the viper: having been written \u201canaedre,\u201d it became an aedre, the break occurring after the <em>n<\/em>. Netherfield in Sussex was a place where adders were found. Similarly, an ekename, having become anekename, then became a nekename or nickname, the break occurring before the<em> n<\/em>.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Other examples of metanalysis of <em>a\/an<\/em> include:<br \/>\n\u2022 eye, a brood of pheasants, originally a nye, from the Latin nidus, a nest; as <em>The Chambers Dictionary<\/em> puts it, \u201can eye for a nye\u201d;<br \/>\n\u2022 notch, a nick in a piece of wood or other material, from an early 14th century Anglo-Norman variant, noche, of the Middle French oche, an incised mark used to keep a record; perhaps connected with the oche, the throwing line in darts, although the <em>OED<\/em> thinks that unlikely.<\/p>\n<p>Comparable changes in French have given landier, an andiron, originally andier plus the definite article le, and l\u2019avenir, the future, which is la venir, that which is to come. In Italian l\u2019abadessa, the abbess, became la badessa. And Oporto in English is o Porto in Portuguese.<\/p>\n<p>Aphaeresis, which also means surgical excision and separation of elements of the blood (as in plasmapheresis), linguistically is the omission of one or more sounds or letters from the beginning of a word; verbal amputation. It can sometimes look like metanalysis, as in \u201cpenthouse,\u201d which was originally appentis, from the Mediaeval Latin word appendicium, something added on, originally a lean-to or outhouse.<\/p>\n<p>Anatomy comes from the Greek \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac (ana, up) and \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (temnein to cut). Today it means the study of the structures of the body or the structures themselves, but at one time it also meant a skeleton. The initial <em>a<\/em> was first aphaeresed to notomy; then, by metanalysis, \u201ca notomy\u201d became \u201can atomy\u201d or \u201can otamy.\u201d By extension, atomy also came to mean someone very thin or skeletal. Here it is in <em>Henry IV <\/em>Part 2 (5, iv, 29): \u201c. . . you starved bloodhound . . . Thou atomy, thou!\u201d And Dickens used it figuratively in <em>Dombey and Son<\/em> (1848): \u201cWithered atomies of teaspoons\u201d; and in<em> Little Dorrit<\/em> (1857): \u201c[The bed-room\u2019s] movables were ugly old chairs with worn-out seats, and ugly old chairs without any seats; a threadbare patternless carpet, a maimed table, a crippled wardrobe, a lean set of fire-irons like the skeleton of a set deceased, a washing-stand that looked as if it had stood for ages in a hail of dirty soapsuds, and a bedstead with four bare atomies of posts, each terminating in a spike, as if for the dismal accommodation of lodgers who might prefer to impale themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOtamy\u201d continued to be used to mean a skeleton up to the first half of the 18th century, and \u201catomy\u201d until as late as the 1930s. Witness, for example, John Gay in <em>The Beggar\u2019s Opera<\/em> (1728; picture).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_opera.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-34625 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_opera-300x231.png\" alt=\"aronson_opera\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_opera-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/07\/aronson_opera.png 605w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong><em>The Beggar&#8217;s Opera<\/em>, scene 5, as visualized by William Hogarth (1728)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When Matt of the Mint is asked what has happened to his brother Tom, he says that he had an accident\u2014in other words, was hanged: \u201cI could not save him from those fleaing rascals, the surgeons; and now, poor man, he is among the otamies at Surgeons\u2019-Hall.\u201d \u201cFleaing\u201d here is a variant of \u201cflaying\u201d; to \u201cflay\u201d originally meant to strip or pull off someone\u2019s skin, and therefore came to mean to strip a person of his money or belongings by extortion or exaction. So Gay\u2019s \u201cfleaing surgeons\u201d are cheats or thieves. As a physician, I couldn\u2019t possibly comment.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Metanalysis is when you break a word badly. It\u2019s defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as \u201cthe reinterpretation of the form of a word, resulting in the creation of a [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/07\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-breaking-bad\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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