{"id":34217,"date":"2015-05-15T16:35:23","date_gmt":"2015-05-15T15:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=34217"},"modified":"2015-05-15T16:35:23","modified_gmt":"2015-05-15T15:35:23","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-its-all-gweek-to-me","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/05\/15\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-its-all-gweek-to-me\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . It\u2019s all Gweek to me"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>The BMJ<\/em>‘s readers, even those who have not studied Greek as a language, ancient or modern, will probably be familiar with most, if not all, of the letters in its alphabet, so widespread are they in scientific terminology.<\/p>\n

Among medical uses, we have \u03b1-adrenoceptors; \u03b2-interferon; \u03b3 globulin; \u03b4 opioid receptors; \u03b5-aminocaproic acid; DNA polymerase \u03b7; electroencephalographic \u03b8 waves;\u00a0Cohen\u2019s \u03ba coefficient of inter-rater agreement<\/a>;\u00a0the lambdoid cranial suture (\u03bb); the hypsiloid, upsiloid, or hyoid bone (\u03c5); and \u03c9-3 fatty acids. In pharmacokinetics \u03c4 is used to indicate a dosage interval. Colloquially, \u03c8 is sometimes used as an abbreviation for psychology, psychiatry, or parapsychology.<\/p>\n

In mathematics and statistics we have the ratios \u03c0 and \u03c6 (the golden ratio<\/a>), Riemann\u2019s \u03b6 function<\/a>, the reciprocal Fibonacci constant \u03c8, and Harish-Chandra\u2019s \u039e function; \u03bc and \u03c3 represent the mean and standard deviation of the population normal distribution, \u03a3 and \u03a0 respectively represent the sum and product of the members of a series, and \u03c72<\/sup> is a statistical distribution and test.<\/p>\n

In physics, mesons\u2014and not only those that are charmed or strange\u2014are denominated \u03b7, \u03ba, \u03bc, \u03c0, \u03c1, \u03c5, \u03c7, \u03c8, and \u03c9, among others; \u03c1 is used to denote a type of viscosity, and \u03bb and \u03bd are the length and frequency of a wave. And I haven\u2019t even mentioned the labelling of stars in astronomy, such as Iota Draconis, Xi Geminorum, and Omicron Persei.<\/p>\n

In some cases, we have an idea of how the symbol came to be introduced. The \u03c0 symbol, for example, was introduced by the Welsh mathematician William Jones (1675\u20131749), perhaps as an abbreviation for the Greek word for circumference, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n

We also use the names of some of the Greek letters to describe what were formerly known as dyslalias and are now called functional speech disorders<\/a> or articulation disorders: gammacism, lambdacism, rhoticism, and sigmatism.<\/p>\n

Gammacism is difficulty in pronouncing the plosive velar phonemes g<\/em> and k<\/em>. In one case<\/a>, it was attributed to recurrent middle ear effusions from early childhood.<\/p>\n

Lambdacism is any abnormality in pronouncing the voiced alveolar lateral phoneme l<\/em>, or substituting l<\/em> for r<\/em>, also known as lallation\u2014as heard in some pronunciations of English in the Far East.<\/p>\n

\"aronson_gweek\"<\/a>Rhotacism is any abnormality or exaggeration in pronouncing any one of the several different pronunciations of the letter ar. In Chuck Jones\u2019s 1957 cartoon What’s Opera, Doc?<\/em>, parodying Walt Disney\u2019s Fantasia<\/em>, the famous rhotacist Elmer Fudd<\/a>, voiced by Arthur Q Bryan, dressed like a Heldentenor (picture), sings \u201cKill da wabbit<\/a>\u201d to the tune of Wagner\u2019s Ride of the Valkyries<\/em>. Not surprisingly, and contrary to appearances, Bugs Bunny survives.<\/p>\n

Sigmatism, colloquially known as lisping, is difficulty in pronouncing the unvoiced and voiced fricative alveolar phonemes s<\/em> and z<\/em>. It has four varieties.<\/p>\n

\u2022 In interdental lisping the tongue protrudes between the teeth; s<\/em> sounds like th<\/em> (\u00fe) and z<\/em> sounds like th<\/em> (\u00f0).
\n\u2022 In dentalized lisping, which occurs when the tongue touches the front teeth, the lisping sounds are muffled.
\n\u2022 In lateral lisping the s<\/em> and z<\/em> sounds are produced with the air escaping over the sides of the tongue, and a drunken sound results. For an example, lishen to Sean Connery shpeaking.
\n\u2022 In palatal lisping the tongue is in contact with the hard palate and s<\/em> sounds like h\u2019y.<\/p>\n

The first two forms of lisping are heard in normal speech in children up to the age of about 5, but the other two are not.<\/p>\n

The fictional narrator of Richard Gordon\u2019s autobiographical novel Doctor in the House<\/em> was called \u201cRichard Gordon,\u201d but in the 1954 film version he became Simon Sparrow, played by Dirk Bogarde. In a later movie, Doctor at Large<\/em> (1957), Bogarde puts his stethoscope on a young girl\u2019s chest. \u201cNow, big breaths, Eva,\u201d he says. \u201cYeth,\u201d she replies, \u201cAnd I\u2019m only thikthteen.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The BMJ‘s readers, even those who have not studied Greek as a language, ancient or modern, will probably be familiar with most, if not all, of the letters in its […]<\/p>\n

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