{"id":33840,"date":"2015-04-02T16:11:57","date_gmt":"2015-04-02T15:11:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=33840"},"modified":"2015-04-02T16:11:57","modified_gmt":"2015-04-02T15:11:57","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-phonemes-shmonemes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/04\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-phonemes-shmonemes\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Phonemes shmonemes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>I referred my patient Pat for a specialist opinion. The consultation was not a success. \u201cThat specialist registrar you referred me to was totally useless,\u201d said Pat. \u201cWhat an insolent shmuck! Doc, don\u2019t ever become a registrar.\u201d<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t know which surprised me more, the insult or the advice. I certainly don\u2019t expect to hear Yiddish slang in the mouths of Oxford patients, and guessed that Pat had probably picked it up from an American drama, such as Suits<\/em><\/a>. What I was sure of was that Pat thought that \u201cshmuck\u201d meant a fool, which it does. He could, of course, have used\u2014had he known them\u2014a wide range of Yiddish synonyms: shlemiel, shlemazel, shmegegge, shmoe, shmol, shnook. Or better still, shlumper, which is not only a shlemiel, shlemazel, and shmoe rolled into one, but also a shlepper, one who dresses abominably, a ragamuffin, and by implication a social outcast, a no-goodnik.<\/p>\n

But Pat\u2019s choice was the most barbed of all these\u2014\u201cshmuck\u201d is also slang for the penis. The connection between the penis and stupidity is well established\u2014consider, for example, dick, knob, plonker, and prick. \u201cA man erect does not reflect\u201d as an old proverb has it. A shmendrick is a person who thinks a schlemiel can be educated, but it also means a penis, particularly a small one. Other penis words are shlong (German Schlange, a snake) and shvants (Schwanz, a tail). \u201cAnd thereby hangs a tail,\u201d as Othello<\/em>\u2019s Clown jestingly says.<\/p>\n

The derogatory sh<\/em> also decorates slang words for drugs of abuse, typically heroin or cocaine\u2014shit, shmeck (German schmecken, to taste good), and shlock (German, Schlag, a punch). A shmecker is a user, a shlockmeister a dealer. A shnozzle is literally a little nose (German Schnauze, a snout)\u2014the big nosed American comedian Jimmy Durante, of Italian Catholic origin, was known as Shnozzle Durante. But shnozzle is also a cocaine snorter.<\/p>\n

Coprolalia is the use of obscene or socially unacceptable words, not merely excremental ones, although it comes from the Greek word \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, meaning ordure. Coprolalia and copropraxia (the use of obscene gestures) are common features of Tourette\u2019s syndrome<\/a>, as described by Oliver Sacks in his essay \u201cWitty Ticcy Ray<\/a>\u201d and in Howard I Kushner\u2019s history of Tourette\u2019s, A Cursing Brain<\/em><\/a>. It is no coincidence that coprolalic words that ticceurs commonly use include \u201cshit\u201d and \u201cshite\u201d (German Schei\u00df), with their pejorative sh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The origin of all this is of course onomatopoeic\u2014sh<\/em> is one type of sound that people make when in a derisory or derogatory mood. The hissing phoneme s<\/em> (the voiceless alveolar fricative<\/a>) can be turned into sh<\/em> (the voiceless postalveolar or palatoalveolar fricative) with minimal movements of the lips and tongue. The relationship is exemplified by the fact that in German an s<\/em> at the start of a word before a p<\/em> or a t<\/em> is pronounced sh<\/em>, as in Spital (\u201cshpital,\u201d a hospital) or Strychnin. Elsewhere, the sh<\/em> sound at the start of a word is represented by sch<\/em>. Someone with a cold may sniff (schn\u00fcffeln) or sniffle (schniefen), and snuff is Schnupftabak.<\/p>\n

The phoneme sh<\/em> is represented by the international symbol \u0283, called \u201cesh,\u201d which resembles the integration sign in mathematics, a long ess that stands for \u201csummation.\u201d The symbol was introduced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz at the end of the 17th century, when he was investigating what we now call calculus.\u00a0It was then used by Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis to represent the phoneme sh<\/em>, when they invented the Phonotypic Alphabet<\/a> in 1845; for words beginning Sh<\/em> they used an upper case Greek sigma (picture).The esh was later adopted as part of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Variants include the double barred esh, the reversed esh with top loop, and the curly tail esh.<\/p>\n

\"aronson_apr\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

From Alexander John Ellis’s phonetic version of <\/em>The Tempest (1849), where the lower case and upper case versions of the phoneme <\/em>sh can both be seen (\u0283 and \u03a3 respectively).<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In English the contemptuous sh<\/em> also gives us \u201cshoo!\u201d, \u201cshush!\u201d, and exclamations in which sh<\/em> and the plosive p<\/em> for \u201cpah!\u201d<\/a> are combined, \u201cpshaw!\u201d and \u201cpish!\u201d. A Yiddish trope in which the speaker denigrates the object of attention involves repeating the word for it and adding the prefix shm\u2013. In this way patients can shrug off unpleasant diagnoses, such as an Oedipus complex (\u201cOedipus Shmoedipus! Shouldn\u2019t I love my mother?\u201d) or cancer (\u201cCancer shmancer! I\u2019m as fit as a fiddle!\u201d). Or as Pat might have said, \u201cDoctor? Shmoctor!\u201d<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I referred my patient Pat for a specialist opinion. The consultation was not a success. \u201cThat specialist registrar you referred me to was totally useless,\u201d said Pat. \u201cWhat an insolent […]<\/p>\n

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