{"id":33622,"date":"2015-03-13T12:45:51","date_gmt":"2015-03-13T11:45:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=33622"},"modified":"2015-04-10T16:30:00","modified_gmt":"2015-04-10T15:30:00","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pecksniffery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/03\/13\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pecksniffery\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Pecksniffery"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"95\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 95px) 100vw, 95px\" \/><\/a>\u201cWhile you\u2019re here, Doc,\u201d said Pat, \u201cwould you mind looking at Pat Junior?\u201d It turned out to be a simple upper respiratory tract infection. I recommended something for symptomatic relief. Pat Junior, unimpressed, sniffed snottily. Inevitable really, what with that nasal drip. Perhaps he was disappointed that I wasn\u2019t one of those \u201cfamous physicians\u201d who tried to diagnose Christopher Robin\u2019s wheezles and sneezles (picture below).<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/03\/aronson1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-33624\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/03\/aronson1-300x241.png\" alt=\"aronson1\" width=\"188\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/03\/aronson1-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/03\/aronson1.png 384w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><em>\u201cAll sorts of conditions<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Of famous physicians<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Came hurrying round<\/em><br \/>\n<em>At a run\u201d<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201cSneezles\u201d from <\/em>Now We Are Six<em> by A A Milne.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Illustration by E H Shepard.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>A fricative phoneme is one that you produce by forcing your breath through a narrow gap. The phoneme <em>s<\/em> is an alveolar fricative, made by expelling air past your teeth. And the sound you make when you force air in through the nostrils is similar. We call the result a sniff, which mimics the sound. Conversely, breathing air out forcibly through the nostrils is called a snort, a sound typically made by horses. Sneezing does it even more forcibly.<\/p>\n<p>Charles Dickens knew all about sniffing and snorting. Pecksniff is what he called the snivelling, sanctimonious hypocrite of whom Martin Chuzzlewit falls foul: &#8220;Some people likened him to a direction-post, which is always telling the way to a place, and never goes there.&#8221; And in <em>Our Mutual Friend<\/em> (1865) he describes a contretemps between Sophronia Akershem\u2019s aunt, whom he calls \u201cMedusa,\u201d and the horrible old Lady Tippins, in which the former \u201cfollows every lively remark made by that dear creature, with an audible snort; which may be referable to a chronic cold in the head, but may also be referable to indignation and contempt.\u201d Lewis Carroll took snorting one stage further\u2014he combined the snort with the chuckle and came up with the chortle.<\/p>\n<p>Sniff, sniffle, snivel, snuff, and snuffle all describe nasal inhalation. Snort can go both ways: a horse snorts by exhaling, a cocaine addict by inhaling. You can also <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1892753\">snort heroin<\/a>, sometimes called horse.<\/p>\n<p>Snoring occurs when the airways collapse during sleep. Snoring can be <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8834348\">nasal, oral, or oronasal<\/a> and can be <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17162993\">studied endoscopically during simulated snoring<\/a>. The risk of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome increases with increasing <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16701712\">collar size<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A snout was originally an elephant\u2019s trunk, then an insect\u2019s proboscis, or a bird\u2019s beak, or the part of an animal\u2019s face that includes the nose and mouth. It was then used to describe a human nose, particularly an ugly one. And just as a nose is a police informant, so is a snout, like a sneak or a snitch. Why snout also means tobacco is not known, but perhaps it was something to do with the type that you snort: snuff.<\/p>\n<p>To snoop is to be nosy and to snub someone is to turn up your nose at them.<\/p>\n<p>Snotty means full of nasal mucus and was once also a nickname for a midshipman, perhaps, as Hunt and Pringle delicately put it in <em>Service Slang, a First Selection<\/em> (1943), \u201cafter the buttons on his sleeve, which are said to be there for a purpose not unconnected with the nickname.\u201d Snotty also, according to the <em>Oxford English Dictionary<\/em>, means snooty, through an old error of confusion. James Joyce made it in a letter to a friend in 1905: \u201cAre the \u2018girls\u2019 \u2018snotty\u2019 about Nora [Barnacle]?\u201d Of course, being Joyce, he may have confounded the two words intentionally. Other offenders, all quoted in the OED, have included Wilfred Owen, Ernest Hemingway, and Lord Reith (\u201cI was very snotty and reserved with the prig\u201d). The OED records the snooty meaning of \u201csnotty\u201d because it records usage, without, except in rare cases, commenting on what is supposedly correct or preferable.<\/p>\n<p>A colleague recently emailed to say that a paper we had authored had passed the 100 citations mark on Google Scholar. I replied in what I intended to be a mildly jocular fashion (including a smiley emoticon, to make the point), joshing him about counting citations. Another co-author then accused me of being snooty, although what he actually wrote was \u201csnotty.\u201d\u00a0I wondered how he knew that I had a bad head cold at the time. :&gt;)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cWhile you\u2019re here, Doc,\u201d said Pat, \u201cwould you mind looking at Pat Junior?\u201d It turned out to be a simple upper respiratory tract infection. I recommended something for symptomatic relief. [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/03\/13\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pecksniffery\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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