{"id":33476,"date":"2015-02-27T16:46:18","date_gmt":"2015-02-27T15:46:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=33476"},"modified":"2015-02-27T16:46:26","modified_gmt":"2015-02-27T15:46:26","slug":"when-i-use-a-word-cough-drops","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/02\/27\/when-i-use-a-word-cough-drops\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Cough drops"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>Conversations with my patients<\/a> can be very revealing.<\/p>\n

\u201cI know you say they\u2019re ace, Doc, but I can\u2019t take these tablets.\u201d
\n\u201cWhy not, Pat?\u201d
\n\u201cThey give me a terrible cough. I can\u2019t go to the movies or a gig. Anywhere public, actually.\u201d At this, Pat coughed loudly, concatenating two phonemes without realising it\u2014technically the glottal fricative h<\/em> and the bilabial nasal m<\/em>\u2014\u201ch\u2019m, h\u2019m, h\u2019m, h\u2019m.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u2019m\u201d became \u201chem\u201d in Latin, and was used, by authors such as Plautus and Terence (both second century BC), as an interjection of surprise or concern (\u201cWhat\u2019s that?\u201d) and to express unhappiness (\u201cAlas!\u201d).<\/p>\n

\"aronson_cough\"<\/a>In English it first appeared in the 15th century. Lancelot, Thomas Malory tells us, tricked into sleeping with Elaine of Corbin (pictured) and thinking her to be Guinevere, talked in his sleep about his love for the Queen. Angered, Elaine \u201ccoughed so loud that Sir Lancelot awaked and knew her by her hemming.\u201d The outcome was Sir Galahad.<\/p>\n

Elaine of Corbin with the Holy Grail, as depicted by Dante Gabriel Rossetti.<\/em><\/p>\n

In Huloet\u2019s Dictionarie, Newelye Corrected, Amended, Set in Order and Enlarged<\/em> . . . (1572), John Higgins\u2019s <\/a>revised edition of Richard Huloet\u2019s Abecedarium Anglico Latinum<\/em> (1552), \u201chem\u201d was defined as \u201ca note of blaming, disdaining, marvelling, showing, or of taciturnity.\u201d Shakespeare used it as both an interjection and a verb. Ophelia, Horatio tells Gertrude, \u201chems, and beats her heart, \/ Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt \/ That carry but half sense.\u201d Othello, wanting a private word with Desdemona, tells Emilia to close the door and \u201cCough or cry \u2018Hem\u2019 if anybody come.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHem\u201d was also used to denote a coughing sound made as a delaying tactic and therefore as a sound of hesitation. \u201cTo hem and to hawk,\u201d the latter being another onomatopoeic word meaning to cough, was later shortened to hem and haw, perhaps by association with another sound of hesitation or derision, ha (compare the French \u201chein\u201d). That then became hum and haw.<\/p>\n

The word \u201ccough\u201d is also onomatopoeic, related to the old Dutch and German words cuchen and kuchen. In Greek a cough was \u03b2\u1f75\u03be (b\u0113x), with its throat clearing stem \u03b2\u03b7\u03c7- (b\u0113kh-). In Latin it was tussis, also perhaps echoic, giving modern words like toux (French), tosse (Italian and Portuguese), and toz (Spanish).<\/p>\n

However, more Northerly languages have Husten (German), hoest (Dutch), hoste (Danish), and hosta (Swedish). Old Norse had h\u00f3ste, Old Low German h\u00f4sto, Middle Low German h\u00f4ste, Middle Dutch hoeste, Low German hoost, and Old High German huosto. Hoast (and variant spellings) is a Scots word for cough, also found in some parts of Northern England (for example, Northumberland) and in Shropshire (\u2019oost). The Indo-European root of all these words is KUES, which supposedly echoes the sound made by a squeezed bladder (or cyst), emphasising the connection between coughing and incontinence<\/a> :>). In Old Teutonic the coughing word was hw\u00f4ston, giving the Old English word, hw\u00e9san, to wheeze.<\/p>\n

All these words are related to different types of breathing, like what we call huffing, as in huffing and puffing. According to Lewis Carroll, the nonsense word \u201cuffish\u201d that he used in Jabberwocky<\/em> reflected a state of mind in which \u201cthe voice is gruffish, the manner roughish, and the temper huffish.\u201d Among drug users, to huff means to inhale, usually in reference to marihuana.<\/p>\n

You can pronounce \u2013ough in 13 different ways. If you can\u2019t quite remember how to pronounce \u201ccough,\u201d here\u2019s a handy reminder. In the chapter titled \u201cAll the News\u201d in Richmal Crompton\u2019s William\u2014In Trouble<\/em>, Violet Elizabeth treats William to a \u201ccroth-word puthle.\u201d The first of its two clues (unconventionally, one down) is \u201cWot you hav dropps of.\u201d And the answer, of course, is \u201cCOF.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Conversations with my patients can be very revealing. \u201cI know you say they\u2019re ace, Doc, but I can\u2019t take these tablets.\u201d \u201cWhy not, Pat?\u201d \u201cThey give me a terrible cough. […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Cough drops - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/02\/27\/when-i-use-a-word-cough-drops\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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