{"id":33408,"date":"2015-02-20T16:37:15","date_gmt":"2015-02-20T15:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=33408"},"modified":"2015-02-27T16:22:57","modified_gmt":"2015-02-27T15:22:57","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-no","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/02\/20\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-no\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . No"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>\u201cAah,\u201d the maximally low and back rounded vowel sound<\/a>, produced by opening your mouth and glottis and phonating, is not the only phoneme that could have formed the first linguistic sound. Change the shape of your mouth, keep phonating, and the sound changes. Interjections such as \u201ceh\u201d and \u201cer,\u201d \u201coo\u201d and \u201coh\u201d can all be made in this way.<\/p>\n

Now phonate with your mouth closed. It should sound like \u201cmmmm.\u201d Mm-hm. And if you open your mouth slightly and put your tongue behind your teeth it should sound like \u201cnnnn.\u201d<\/p>\n

The phonemes \u201caah\u201d and \u201cnnn\u201d give us prefixes and words that mean \u201cno.\u201d To indicate \u201cno\u201d speechlessly you shake your head. To emphasise it you can grimace and phonate twice, \u201cah-aah\u201d or \u201cn-nn.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Greek privative prefix a\u2013 (expressing negation) can be seen in words such as aplasia, asterixis, astigmatism, atresia, and (as an-) anaesthetic, anorexia, and carbonic anhydrase. Goblets encrusted with amethysts were supposed to prevent drunkenness (Greek \u03bc\u1f73\u03b8\u1fe0 = wine, from which also come mead and methylated spirits).<\/p>\n

The prefix a\u2013 also occurs in Sanskrit, as in the Indian girl\u2019s name Amrita (literally deathless) from the Gods\u2019 drink of immortality (compare ambrosia in Greek). Ahimsa, a policy that Mahatma Gandhi preached, means without himsa or injury, i.e. non-violence, and adharma is unrighteousness (the opposite of dharma, custom, or correct behaviour). In classical Sanskrit texts, the Bhagavad Gita<\/em> for example, this type of negative form is a common device, facilitating alliteration and assonance<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In Latin the privative prefix was in\u2013 and its variants (il\u2013, im\u2013, ir\u2013), as in incontinent, illegitimate, immature, and that irritating phrase, irregularly irregular.<\/p>\n

In Teutonic languages in\u2013 became on\u2013 (compare German ohne) or un\u2013 (unconscious, unbalanced, unstriated).<\/p>\n

Many negative Latin words, and a few Greek ones, begin with an n: ne (lest, or so that not), nec, or neque (nor), nefas (unspeakable), negare (to naysay), nemo and nullus (no-one), neuter (ne uter, not either), nil and nihil (nothing), non (not), num (surely not?), and nolle (to want not to, as in volens nolens, willy-nilly). Nepenthes, a Greek nickname for Apollo, gives us the opioid nepenthe (\u03bd\u1f75 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 = no pain or sorrow). Some words have a surprising \u201cno\u201d in them. \u201cNegotiate\u201d was Latin necque otium, no leisure, and \u201cnecessary\u201d is from ne cessum, not given up.<\/p>\n

NICE stands for the UK\u2019s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence<\/a>. A complimentary acronym you might think. But in Latin \u201cne\/scire\u201d means not to know and the adjective nescius means stupid. Nice originally meant foolish or ignorant and later came to mean wanton, strange, lazy, unwilling, or fastidious. By the 16th century it came to mean precise and accurate, but other meanings included slender, trivial, uncertain, and delicate. Chambers\u2019s Twentieth Century Dictionary<\/em> (1959 edition) lists among possible meanings \u201ccalling for very fine discrimination,\u201d \u201cdone with great care and exactness,\u201d and \u201caccurate.\u201d Then it puts the boot in: \u201cused in vague commendation by those who are not nice.\u201d How nice is that?<\/p>\n

In recent years we have been encouraged to publish negative results\u2014to reduce publication bias. Searching Pubmed for papers whose titles contain the words \u201cno effect,\u201d I found only 11 from 1951 to 1970. The first was in a translation from the French<\/a> (\u201cn’agissent pas\u201d) and the next, in 1958, was in English<\/a>. The number then increased, peaking in 2012 at 130. Of course, the total number of publications has also been increasing, so I corrected the figures per million total publications (figure). The proportional rate increased steadily, plateaued in around 2003, and then started to fall. Are investigators publishing relatively fewer negative results?<\/p>\n

\"aronson_no\"<\/a>
\nNumbers of publications with \u201cno effect\u201d in the title, 1964\u20132014, expressed per million of all published papers (source Pubmed).<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong> is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cAah,\u201d the maximally low and back rounded vowel sound, produced by opening your mouth and glottis and phonating, is not the only phoneme that could have formed the first linguistic […]<\/p>\n

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