{"id":32360,"date":"2014-09-19T15:11:37","date_gmt":"2014-09-19T14:11:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=32360"},"modified":"2014-09-19T15:19:09","modified_gmt":"2014-09-19T14:19:09","slug":"richard-smith-is-it-time-to-stop-using-the-word-poverty-in-britain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2014\/09\/19\/richard-smith-is-it-time-to-stop-using-the-word-poverty-in-britain\/","title":{"rendered":"Richard Smith: Is it time to stop using the word poverty in Britain?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"richard_smith_2014\"<\/a>Is poverty yet another word that is so misunderstood<\/a> we should stop using it\u2014at least in Britain? John Lanchester, a friend of mine, argued so in the Observer<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0Can he possibly be right?<\/p>\n

Lanchester doesn\u2019t seem to be arguing that we should stop using the word poverty when we mean \u201cabsolute poverty.\u201d When the Millennium Development Goals were set absolute poverty was defined as having to live on an income of less than $1 a day, but subsequently it was raised to $1.25. In 1980 half the world\u2019s population lived below that line, now it\u2019s a fifth\u20141.2 billion people. Few people, if anybody, would dispute that having to live on such an income is to live in poverty. Using this measure, Asia might be expected to eradicate poverty by 2030, but the Asian Development Bank has just argued<\/a> that the rate should be $1.51, meaning that nearly 60% of the population of Bangladesh\u2014a country I visit regularly\u2014is living in poverty.<\/p>\n

In contrast, poverty in Britain is defined relatively: as a household having an income less than 60% of median income. That\u2019s a threshold that can change day by day, but currently it\u2019s \u00a313 920 a year. The reference point for a household is two adults, which means an income for each person of \u00a319.5 or $31 a day.<\/p>\n

Lanchester\u2019s first argument for abandoning the word poverty is that \u201crelative poverty\u201d is confusing to people and not how they understand who is poor. The numerate well understand that as median income falls\u2014as it did by 8% after the financial crisis\u2014then the number of people in poverty falls. That\u2019s counterintuitive to most people: overall we\u2019re poorer, but the number of people in poverty has fallen. A family may be \u201cin poverty\u201d one day but \u201cout of poverty\u201d the next day, when for them nothing has changed.<\/p>\n

The more substantial, and more contentious, argument of Lanchester’s is that many people in Britain simply don\u2019t believe a household with an income of \u00a313 920 is living in poverty. They don\u2019t accept that 13 million people in Britain are living in poverty. For most of the population, living in poverty means having less than \u201cwhat is necessary for subsistence,\u201d the Beveridge definition. You need to be fed, clothed, and housed at a basic level, but you don\u2019t need a television, a mobile phone, a holiday, and toys for your children.<\/p>\n

Lanchester observes that more than twice as many people think cuts are necessary than think them unnecessary, and that an increasing proportion think them good for the economy. He concludes that \u201cwhat these numbers imply . . . is a lack of belief in the narratives about poverty and hardship in the UK. The Great British Public doesn\u2019t really think times are as difficult as people say they are.\u201d<\/p>\n

A novelist by background, Lanchester also observes that \u201cin the Judeo-Christian tradition, poverty is close to being a virtue.\u201d Blessed are those of you who are poor for yours is the kingdom of God, while it is easier to pass a camel through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. (For the rich man, my brother has a tip: \u201cuse a blender.\u201d) Pretty much every saint is poor, says Lanchester. Plus Jesus observed that \u201cthe poor you will always have with you.\u201d<\/p>\n

So these are the problems for poverty campaigners in Britain: people don\u2019t understand relative poverty, don\u2019t accept that there is much poverty, and may well think it virtuous and to some extent inevitable (it’s a given).<\/p>\n

I\u2019m mildly obsessed with how overused words<\/a> (innovation, quality, privatisation, integrated, terrorist) can lose their meaning and usefulness, but a usually insuperable problem is to come up with better words that are widely understood and accepted.<\/p>\n

Lanchester wants us to use \u201cinequality\u201d rather than poverty. He argues that people will not accept that \u201crising inequality is a fact of life,\u201d with the implication that unacceptability will galvanise political action in a way that reducing poverty does not. Most economists, he says, think we are moving in Britain towards a society in which nobody is poor in the subsistence sense, but which is feudal in that there is a minority of rich people but most people are relatively poor. Perhaps for lack of space, he doesn\u2019t quote the work of Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett<\/a>\u00a0into how inequality is the cause of most bad things\u2014poor health, inadequate education, and crime.<\/p>\n

But I\u2019m sceptical that inequality will be better than poverty in producing the \u201csustained pressure on politicians\u201d that Lanchester hopes for. One problem is that nobody can imagine a world in which everybody is equal. Some are tall, some short; some are bright, some stupid. Inequality is built into our understanding of the world. Then there is the same measurement and understanding problem as with relative poverty: will people fight for a Gini coefficient of zero? Then I heard this morning a radio commentator dismiss a trade unionist asking for more equality as \u201cthe politics of envy rather than aspiration.\u201d Even outside of America the dream is alive that a poor man can become president or at least rich.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the conclusion is that we can\u2019t rely too much on single words. Rather we need to paint pictures of how grim the severe deprivation of poverty in Britain can be, or how miserable it is\u2014even for the rich\u2014to live in a world of gross inequality.<\/p>\n

Richard Smith<\/strong>\u00a0was the editor of The BMJ until 2004. He is now chair of the board of trustees of icddr,b [formerly International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh], and chair of the board of Patients Know Best. He is also a trustee of C3 Collaborating for Health.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests: Nothing further to declare.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Is poverty yet another word that is so misunderstood we should stop using it\u2014at least in Britain? John Lanchester, a friend of mine, argued so in the Observer.\u00a0Can he possibly […]<\/p>\n

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