{"id":2977,"date":"2010-07-09T14:42:38","date_gmt":"2010-07-09T13:42:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=2977"},"modified":"2010-07-09T14:42:38","modified_gmt":"2010-07-09T13:42:38","slug":"richard-smith-rediscovering-public-health-through-global-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2010\/07\/09\/richard-smith-rediscovering-public-health-through-global-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Richard Smith: Rediscovering public health through global health"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"RichardThese days I spend lots of time in low and middle income countries, and as I think more about their health problems and less about the endless reorganisations of the NHS, I begin to see the world very differently.<\/p>\n

Recently I was asked to give the Redfern Oration to the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, and I chose as my topic \u201cRediscovering public health through global health.\u201d Unfortunately I never got to Australia to deliver my oration because of a family illness. But one consequence is that a video is available of my talk in which with a rather lugubrious tone but some useful slides I describe my ten lessons on rediscovering public health through global health.<\/p>\n

Because I can\u2019t believe that anybody could bear to watch an hour of me I\u2019ve edited the video into the ten lessons. You can find them at http:\/\/www.3four50.com\/v2\/index.php?page=video2&cat=8&subcat=22&p=1<\/a> and can watch, copy, and use them should you so wish. In the rest of this blog I summarise briefly my ten lessons.<\/p>\n

Lesson one: Modern clinical medicine is as out of control as the banks and is unaffordable globally.<\/em><\/p>\n

I deliberately started provocatively and make my case both by describing what I see as futile procedures within medicine and by showing data projecting forward the rising costs of health care. Interestingly, the rising costs are driven not so much by the aging of the population or by raising patient expectations but mostly by new technologies and medicine\u2019s ability to do more to fend off death.<\/p>\n

Lesson two: Inequalities in our world are gross and need to be tackled.<\/em><\/p>\n

Everybody knows this, but I wonder how many people feel it. Did you know that Africa has 25% of the global disease burden but only 3% of health care resources and 1% of health workers? North America, in contrast, has 3% of the disease burden but 25% of health care resources and 30% of health workers. Does that not make you feel uncomfortable if you are a health worker in a developed country?<\/p>\n

Data from the WHO report on the social determinants of health show both that inequalities between the developed world and SubSaharan Africa are getting worse and that it is possible to make a rapid difference to inequalities\u2014often through measures like providing potable water or increasing enrolment in primary education. Sadly evidence from Britain also shows that it is also possible to spend a great deal of money (\u00a321 billion) trying to reduce inequalities and fail completely.<\/p>\n

Lesson three: The Victorians eventually couldn\u2019t live with the difference between rich and poor, and we got income tax with substantial transfers of wealth within countries. We now need such transfers between countries.<\/em><\/p>\n

At the moment most developed countries are failing to reach the United Nations target of spending 0.7% of their GDP in aid, but as the world becomes progressively smaller, more crowded, and more threatened this may change and we may achieve a substantial transfer of funds from rich countries to poor countries.<\/p>\n

Lesson four: You can\u2019t have healthy people without healthy places.<\/em><\/p>\n

This is another lesson that everybody should know, but we continue to put most of our resources into treating individuals. But we achieve little if we send people back to the same unhealthy places, and, in particular, we may make things worse rather than better if we practice prevention with individuals who live in very unhealthy circumstances where, for example, exercise is impossible, fresh fruit and vegetables are unavailable or unaffordable, and the air is full of tobacco smoke. We make things worse because we achieve little and make the individuals feel like failures.<\/p>\n

We should also remember that healthy places will begin to disappear as our planet becomes sicker. We need a healthy planet in order to have healthy places, and luckily what is good for individuals\u2014avoiding motorised transport and exercising more and eating more fruit and vegetables and fewer animal products– is also good for the planet.<\/p>\n

Lesson five: We may not like to think in terms of money, but we have to pay close attention to costs\u2014returning to the utilitarian roots of public health.<\/em><\/p>\n

If you are rich you can be profligate, but with limited resources we need to pay close attention to value for money. Doctors treating individual patients feel very uncomfortable considering the financial consequences of their actions, but it\u2019s easier and essential at a systems and public health level. I showed a graph that illustrated that with hospitals there is no relation between cost and quality and data that a coronary artery bypass costs $27 000 per disability adjusted life year, whereas aspirin after a heart attack is cost saving. And reducing salt intake at a population level would cost 6 cents per person and reduce mortality by 2%.<\/p>\n

Lesson six: How we die may make a huge difference, and there are positive signs of the compression of morbidity. We must promote the idea that death is normal and a friend.<\/em><\/p>\n

I\u2019ve always been fascinated by the concept of \u201ccompression of morbidity,\u201d which says that our lives have a finite limit and that the period of poor health at the end of life may be progressively compressed. Or might we live on to be 105 or 110, spending many years demented, depressed, Parkinsonian, arthritic, needing new joints, deaf aids, and cataract operations? Clearly there are huge financial as well as human implications, but we don\u2019t really yet know which is the more likely course as life expectancy steadily increases. I did, however, show a slide from a recent study that suggested that there was compression of morbidity\u2014but among those with lots of education, hinting again at the possibility of widening inequalities.<\/p>\n

Doctors have paid a lot of attention to fending off death, which, I fear, is why so many people experience bad deaths in hospitals. I argue that we should recognise that death is a friend, there are worse things than being dead, immortality would be unbearable, and without death every birth would be a tragedy (in some sad sense it already is). I\u2019m a great fan of Michel de Montaigne, who in his essay \u201cTo philosophise is to learn how to die,\u201d writes:\u00a0 \u201cLet us disarm him [death]\u00a0 of his novelty and strangeness, let us converse and be familiar with him, and have nothing so frequent in our thoughts as death.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lesson seven: New challenges need new ways of thinking and behaving.<\/em><\/p>\n

Even in rural Bangladesh chronic diseases now account for 80% of deaths. This is true the world over (apart from the poorest countries in SubSaharan Africa), and yet we still have health systems that are designed to deal with acute conditions. In the US two thirds of the spend of Medicare is on people with five or more chronic conditions. On the video I show a table from a Scottish report that summarises neatly how health systems need to change, in particular to being community and team based rather than hospital and doctor based,<\/p>\n

Lesson eight: ideology can get in the way of progress.<\/em><\/p>\n

We often don\u2019t recognise our ideological biases, but they go deep. I illustrated what I believe to be ideological biases by using the example of the polypill, a single pill with five components (three anti-hypertensives at half dose, a statin, and folic acid) which if everybody took everyday from their 55th birthday might reduce heart attacks and strokes by 80%. Most public health practitioners hate the idea because it suggests to them that people might carry on living unhealthy lives and simply take a pill. But isn\u2019t this an ideological bias?<\/p>\n

Lesson nine: developing countries don\u2019t have to follow the disastrous path of developed countries but can leapfrog their failures.<\/em><\/p>\n

The rapid and extensive spread of mobile phones in low income countries is one of the best examples of \u201cleapfrogging.\u201d There is no need to lay miles of cables. Can we achieve the same with health or will low and middle income countries inevitably have to follow the epidemic of chronic disease experienced over the past century in developed countries? Perhaps low and middle income countries can shorten the epidemic by working hard on tobacco control, particularly among women, avoiding the Westernisation of diets, and promoting exercise, perhaps through good transport policies and urban design.<\/p>\n

Lesson ten: the rich can learn from developing countries.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nigel Crisp concluded that the rich could learn more from the poor, and there are many examples of innovation in poorer countries spreading to developed countries. Some of these are technical innovations\u2014like oral rehydration therapy, an artificial foot developed in India, or kangaroo care\u2014but perhaps more are in the organisation of care and the approach to care, putting more emphasis on families, communities, and social care.<\/p>\n

Poorer countries have a better chance of building sustainable health systems because they don\u2019t have the inertia and vested interest of the top heavy systems built in developed countries.<\/p>\n

Richard Smith<\/em> <\/strong>was the editor of the BMJ until 2004. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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