{"id":11362,"date":"2011-09-22T15:22:36","date_gmt":"2011-09-22T14:22:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=11362"},"modified":"2011-11-09T17:57:01","modified_gmt":"2011-11-09T16:57:01","slug":"stephen-ginn-the-future-of-academic-publishing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2011\/09\/22\/stephen-ginn-the-future-of-academic-publishing\/","title":{"rendered":"Stephen Ginn: The future of academic publishing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/site\/blog\/icons\/stephen_ginn2.jpg\" alt=\"Stephen Ginn\" width=\"90\" height=\"110\" align=\"left\" \/>The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/commentisfree\/2011\/aug\/29\/academic-publishers-murdoch-socialist\">first salvo<\/a> in the <em>Guardian<\/em>\u2019s recently published series of articles on academic publishing was delivered by veteran agitator <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/profile\/georgemonbiot\">George Monbiot<\/a>. Journals publish government funded research, written and often edited for free by academics says Monbiot.\u00a0\u201cBut to see it, we must pay again, and through the nose,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>The monopolist practices of academic publishers make Walmart &#8220;look like a corner shop&#8221; and Rupert Murdoch &#8220;look like a socialist&#8221; he continues.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>In a second article <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/commentisfree\/2011\/sep\/02\/bad-science-academic-publishing\">Ben Goldacre writes <\/a>about <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Swartz\">Aaron Swartz<\/a>, a digital activist. Swartz is accused of downloading academic papers on a grand scale, intending to make them available for free on file sharing sites such as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Pirate_Bay\">Pirate Bay<\/a>. Goldacre writes that in some respects this is a remarkable tale of \u201cRobin Hood behaviour.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/science\/2011\/sep\/05\/publish-perish-peer-review-science\">Thirdly David Colquhoun<\/a> writes about the enormous pressure on academics to publish research\u00a0papers. He says this has lead to a proliferation of journals and a shortage of qualified peer reviewers.\u00a0As a result the quality of published research has nosedived.\u00a0\u201cThe only people who benefit from the intense pressure to publish are those in the publishing industry\u201d he writes. Profits for some academic publishers are\u00a0certainly healthy.\u00a0Monbiot reports that Elsevier made \u00a3724m on revenues of \u00a32bn during the last financial year. This is a profit margin of about 40%.\u00a0Can this be justified?<\/p>\n<p>In the past Reed Elsevier has defended their profits on the basis of their skilled staff, their support to authors and peer review panels, and their complex typesetting and distribution costs.<\/p>\n<p>A 2005 report from <a href=\"http:\/\/southernlibrarianship.icaap.org\/content\/v09n03\/mcguigan_g01.html\">Deutsche Bank disagreed<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe believe the publisher adds relatively little value to the publishing process.\u00a0We are not attempting to dismiss what 7,000 people at REL do for a living. We are simply observing that if the process really were as complex, costly and value-added as the publishers protest that it is, 40% margins wouldn\u2019t be available.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The industry does face major challenges. Libraries are struggling to pay escalating subscription prices and electronic distribution of papers is making the established business model redundant.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_access_%28publishing%29#Funding_issues\">Open access<\/a> is an alternative paradigm, where authors pay a publishing fee to make journal articles free for anyone to access.<\/p>\n<p>In 2008 <a title=\"BMJ policy\" href=\"http:\/\/resources.bmj.com\/bmj\/about-bmj\/policies\/open-access-policy\" target=\"_blank\">the BMJ formally became an open access journal<\/a>, and all BMJ research articles are free to access immediately on publication. Authors are asked to pay a publication fee per accepted research article if their research grant covered open access publication fees. Other &#8220;added value&#8221; articles, such as clinical reviews or editorials, require a subscription. In addition to the BMJ, <a title=\"BMJ Open\" href=\"http:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/site\/about\/Welcome_to_BMJ_Open.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BMJ Open<\/a> is an online only open access journal also owned by the BMJ group.<\/p>\n<p>A discussion of the pros and cons of open access is available on the open access Wikipedia page http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_access_journal#Debate<\/p>\n<p>A further option is <a title=\"self archiving Wikipedia entry\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-archiving\" target=\"_blank\">self archiving<\/a>, where freely accessible copies of an article are placed on the web. In his article Colquhoun favours a variety of this approach with peer review provided through anonymous reader comments.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Newspaper models<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>With ten daily national newspapers, the UK has one of the most competitive newspaper markets in the world.\u00a0Since the 1980s sales have fallen but innovative business models are emerging which may have lessons for academic publishing.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Guardian<\/em> has long championed a comprehensive free online presence. Although its website does provide a substantial income from advertising, the newspaper remains unprofitable and is famously underwritten by the less sophisticated <em>Autotrader<\/em>, a trading magazine for used vehicles, also owned by the Scott Trust.<\/p>\n<p>By contrast the <em>Times<\/em> does not allow any of its articles to be read online for free. When introduced this move led to a drastic drop in online traffic. Whist dismaying\u00a0some columnists, News Corp may not be concerned about this drop as occasional visitors tend to ignore ads and add little value. The <em>Times<\/em> has concentrated on maximizing business from loyal readers; the site is awash with advertisements for tie-ins such as wine clubs and holidays.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Daily Mail<\/em> has the world\u2019s second biggest newspaper website, with 35m unique visitors per month.\u00a0 Unlike the alarmist print edition, the online Mail focuses on the fashion choices of attractive female celebrities.<\/p>\n<p>Innovation is not restricted to online approaches. The Evening Standard print edition is now entirely free, and its circulation has doubled. Distribution costs have also fallen. The paper is handed out at Underground stations and each issue is read multiple times as abandoned copies are moved around London by Tube. It\u2019s still not in profit, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/media\/greenslade\/2011\/jun\/28\/london-evening-standard-evgeny-lebedev\">but its losses have halved<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Independent\u2019s<\/em> approach is arguably the most experimental. It has introduced an abridged version called &#8220;i,&#8221; which is distributed alongside the full newspaper.\u00a0The greater combined distribution of these two offerings makes selling advertising easier.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lessons?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The approaches of UK newspapers indicate that new business models for academic publishing can include both print and online innovation. Approaches such as those of the <em>Mail<\/em> may of course not be compatible with the brand values of academic journals. Allowing increased free access will appease critics such as Monbiot and augment readership, but may not encourage loyalty.\u00a0A closed model, like that of the <em>Times<\/em>, prevents bloggers linking to the research they discuss, potentially decreasing a paper\u2019s impact.<\/p>\n<p>It will be dangerous for academic publishers to do nothing. In <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/commentisfree\/2011\/sep\/02\/bad-science-academic-publishing\">his article<\/a> Goldacre suggests a grubby compromise may emerge. Journals will stay afloat financially due to institutional subscriptions, whilst individuals will avoid excessive per article charges by downloading articles they wish to see from <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File_sharing\">semi-legal content sharing sites<\/a>. I expect that this is not a situation most publishers would welcome. \u201cThese are very interesting times for information\u201d he writes. I agree.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stephen Ginn<\/strong> is the <em>BMJ<\/em> editorial registrar.<\/p>\n<p>He writes a personal blog at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.frontierpsychiatrist.co.uk\/\">http:\/\/www.frontierpsychiatrist.co.uk<\/a> Follow him on Twitter at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.twitter.com\/psychiatrist\">http:\/\/www.twitter.com\/psychiatrist<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The first salvo in the Guardian\u2019s recently published series of articles on academic publishing was delivered by veteran agitator George Monbiot. Journals publish government funded research, written and often edited [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2011\/09\/22\/stephen-ginn-the-future-of-academic-publishing\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[5593,344,343,2309],"class_list":["post-11362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-academic-publishing","tag-journalology","tag-open-access","tag-publishing-models"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stephen Ginn: The future of academic publishing - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2011\/09\/22\/stephen-ginn-the-future-of-academic-publishing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stephen Ginn: The future of academic publishing - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The first salvo in the Guardian\u2019s recently published series of articles on academic publishing was delivered by veteran agitator George Monbiot. 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