{"id":6384,"date":"2015-07-28T08:21:52","date_gmt":"2015-07-28T07:21:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/?p=6384"},"modified":"2015-07-28T08:21:52","modified_gmt":"2015-07-28T07:21:52","slug":"is-the-abuse-of-medication-the-next-major-concern-in-sports-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2015\/07\/28\/is-the-abuse-of-medication-the-next-major-concern-in-sports-medicine\/","title":{"rendered":"Is the abuse of medication the next major concern in sports medicine?"},"content":{"rendered":"

By\u00a0Dr Sean Carmody<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u201cAlso, be aware of the pills you take. If you take sleeping pills to overcome jet lag, before you know it, you\u2019ll be taking them every night. When your arm is sore and you\u2019re given medication for it, throw that bottle away. Those pills will give you a painful, persistent ulcer. Be aware of what you put in your body.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Pete Sampras, Letter to My Younger Self<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>June 29th 2015<\/p>\n

\"americanfootball\"In August 2013, sports medicine made headlines around the world as the NFL reached a settlement<\/a> to contribute $765 million to provide medical help to more than 18,000 former players who may have been affected by concussion. It catapulted the condition into the public conscience, and drove the governing bodies of the world\u2019s most popular sports to enforce policy change to protect the health of their athletes.<\/p>\n

With all the scrutiny on concussion over the last few years, the use and sometimes abuse of medications in sport is an issue that has often been overlooked. This could be about to change as eight retired NFL players are suing the league<\/a> for unethically providing them with pain medications throughout their career. They allege that these medications were taken without prescription or knowledge of side effects, and were used to mask serious injuries. The individuals filing the lawsuit are now believed to suffer from renal failure, dependency and chronic pain among other ailments, as a result of medical mismanagement during their playing careers.<\/p>\n

The allegations being made in this lawsuit are supported in the literature. A 2011 paper in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence<\/em> concluded that NFL players who misused opioids during their career were most likely to misuse in later life. Interestingly, misuse of opioids in this population was associated with more chronic pain, undiagnosed concussions and alcohol abuse.<\/p>\n

This is not exclusively a problem of American sports. Research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine <\/em>highlighted the alarming incidence of medication abuse at major football tournaments, which has not declined despite several preventative campaigns. Nearly half of all players at the 2010 World Cup took some sort of medication and more than one-third of the players were prescribed at least one NSAID before a match, regardless of whether or not they went on to feature in the match. Worryingly, in a similar vein to the NFL players mentioned earlier, a large proportion of the medication prescribed was for players who had not fully recovered from injury or may have received \u201cprophylactic pain-treatment\u201d. This is in spite of the fact that NSAIDs, in particular, may adversely affect the healing of muscular and bone injuries. Furthermore, the players could potentially have consumed over-the-counter medications without the physicians\u2019 knowledge and, hence, the actual intake reported in studies might be underestimated.<\/p>\n

The high use of medication is not purely limited to ball-based sports; similar use of medication was reported at the Sydney Olympics in 2000. Moreover, a study in the American Journal of Sports Medicine <\/em>found that while medication use wasn\u2019t as prevalent in track and field compared to team sports, nearly half of all athletes (44%) studied had taken at least one medication. Cycling has long been plagued by doping scandals, and there is anecdotal evidence<\/a> to suggest that medication abuse exists within the sport. Significantly, a 2010 study found that using paracetamol increased pain tolerance, and consequently, improved time-trial time in cycling, suggesting that there may be a performance-enhancing effect of taking pain medications too. Nevertheless, long term abuse of medications by athletes is not without its side-effects, as former cyclist Jesus Manzano noted<\/a>, with particular reference to anti-depressants;<\/p>\n

\u201cProzac cuts the appetite, keeps you in another world, a world where you\u2019re not afraid of what you\u2019re doing… It takes you to a world where you don\u2019t ask any more questions, especially you don\u2019t ask your doctor any questions\u2026 Then one day it all stops and you become dramatically depressed. Look at Pantani, Vandenbroucke and all the others we don\u2019t even talk about. There are numerous other cyclists and former cyclists that are addicted to cocaine, heroin and other medications. It\u2019s not just in the world of cycling\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

The growing evidence of medication abuse in sport is disconcerting, and its rise is showing no signs of abating. It appears that the long-term health of athletes is being gambled for the sake of the team\u2019s short-term gain. While further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects of medication use in athletes from other sports, there exists enough compelling evidence to act definitively now. It should not take another $765 million pay out for governing bodies to sit up and take notice.<\/p>\n

************<\/p>\n

Dr Sean Carmody is a junior doctor working in the South Thames deanery. He tweets regularly on topics related to sports medicine and performance @seancarmody1<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Almekinders LC. Anti-inflammatory treatment of muscular injuries in sport. An update of recent studies. Sports Med<\/em>. 1999;28:383-388.<\/p>\n

Bailey S, O\u2019Connor PJ. NSAID therapy effects on healing of bone, tendon, and the enthesis. J Appl Physiol<\/em> 115: 892\u2013899, 2013<\/p>\n

Corrigan B, Kazlauskas R. Medication Use in Athletes Selected for Doping Control at the Sydney Olympics (2000). Clin J Sport Med<\/em> 2003;13:33-40.<\/p>\n

Cottler L, Abdallah AB, Cummings SM, Barr J, Banks R, Forchheimer R. Injury, Pain, and Prescription Opioid Use Among Former National Football League (NFL) Players. Drug Alcohol Depend<\/em>. 2011 Jul 1 ; 116(1-3): 188-194.<\/p>\n

Mauger A, Jones AM, Williams CA. Influence of acetaminophen on performance during time trial cycling. J Appl Physiol<\/em> 108: 98 \u2013104, 2010.<\/p>\n

Schwenk T, Gorenflo DW, Dopp RR, Hipple E. Depression and pain in retired professional football players. Med Sci Sports Exerc<\/em>. 2007 Apr;39(4):599-605.<\/p>\n

Tscholl P, Feddermann N, Junge A, Dvorak J. The Use and Abuse of Painkillers in International Soccer: Data from 6 FIFA Tournaments for Female and Youth Players. Am J Sports Med<\/em> February 2009 vol. 37 no. 2 260-265.<\/p>\n

Tscholl P, Alonso JM, Doll\u00e9 G, Junge A, Dvorak J. The Use of Drugs and Nutritional Supplements in Top-Level Track and Field Athletes. Am J Sports Med<\/em> January 2010 vol. 38 no. 1 133-140.<\/p>\n

Tscholl P, Dvorak J. Abuse of medication during international football competition in 2010 \u2013 lesson not learned. Br J Sports Med<\/em> 2012;46:1140\u20131141.<\/p>\n

Tscholl P, Vaso M, Weber A, Dvorak J. High prevalence of medication use in professional football tournaments including the World Cups between 2002 and 2014: a narrative review with a focus on NSAIDs. Br J Sports Med<\/em> 2015;49:580\u2013582.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By\u00a0Dr Sean Carmody \u201cAlso, be aware of the pills you take. If you take sleeping pills to overcome jet lag, before you know it, you\u2019ll be taking them every night. When your arm is sore and you\u2019re given medication for it, throw that bottle away. Those pills will give you a painful, persistent ulcer. Be […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[8271,8269,3029,898],"class_list":["post-6384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-concussion","tag-football","tag-mental-health","tag-nsaids"],"yoast_head":"\nIs the abuse of medication the next major concern in sports medicine? - BJSM blog - social media's leading SEM voice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2015\/07\/28\/is-the-abuse-of-medication-the-next-major-concern-in-sports-medicine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is the abuse of medication the next major concern in sports medicine? - BJSM blog - social media's leading SEM voice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By\u00a0Dr Sean Carmody \u201cAlso, be aware of the pills you take. 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