{"id":230,"date":"2010-07-16T00:06:37","date_gmt":"2010-07-15T23:06:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/?p=230"},"modified":"2010-07-14T20:18:33","modified_gmt":"2010-07-14T19:18:33","slug":"e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/","title":{"rendered":"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The following E-Letter is a response to <strong>The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on\u00a0pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial<\/strong><em> <\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com:80\/cgi\/content\/abstract\/bjsm.2009.069849v1\" target=\"_blank\">Abstract<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/content\/early\/2010\/06\/26\/bjsm.2009.069849.full\" target=\"_blank\">Full article<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Ryan et al (1) provide empirical evidence that standards for running shoes in relation to foot posture are far from convincing. In particular, a sophisticated and expensive motion-control design intended for highly pronated feet was less effective than more basic shoes in minimizing injuries and pain to all categories of foot. This outcome echoes Richards et al&#8217;s (2) recent negative review regarding the role of shoe design in reducing injury.<\/p>\n<p>I wrote a rapid response (3) to the latter paper suggesting that the origin of the conundrum may not reside only in biomechanics, but rather there may be a psychological element concerning the individual&#8217;s interpretation of risk. The extreme form of this conceptualisation is &#8220;risk homeostasis&#8221;, whereby it is argued that the individual &#8220;targets&#8221; a fixed level of perceived risk to govern his\/her performance on any given activity (4,5). The psycholigical mechanisms by which risk is perceived and affects behaviour remain speculative; one model is based on low-level learning of the outcomes of competing tendencies in beviour (6). The typical activity to which the conceptualisation is applied has been road- travel and reflects the observation that may safety features do not maintain their benefit over time: drivers squander safety benefits in less careful driving, as reflected for example in greater and more erratic speeds. Two examples concern seat-belts and ABS brakes (5,6,7).<\/p>\n<p>As applied to running, the implication is that greater sophistication in shoe design reduces the perceived likelihood of potential injury; however, the consequence may be an increase in risky running behaviour. For example, the runner may pay more attention to uneven surfaces when wearing a less sophisticated design of shoe, but determine that a more sophisticated design deals adequately in equivalent circumstances; if this is not the case then more pain and injuries will result from the more sophisticated design.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tony H. Reinhardt-Rutland<br \/>\nReader in Psychology<br \/>\nUniversity of Ulster<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. Ryan MB, Valiant GA, McDonald K, Taunton JE. The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial. Br J Sports Med doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2009.069849.<\/p>\n<p>2. Richards CE, Magin PJ, Callister R. Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence-based? Br J Sports Med 2009; 43: 159-162.<\/p>\n<p>3. Reinhardt-Rutland AH. Negating the safety advantage in running shoe design: perceived risk affecting performance? Br J Sports Med 2009 [http:\/\/bjsm.com\/cgi\/eletters\/43\/3\/159]<\/p>\n<p>4. Wilde GJS, Robertson LS, Pless IB. Does risk homeostasis theory have implications for road safety? BMJ 2002; 324: 1149-1152.<\/p>\n<p>5. Adams JGU. Risk. London: UCL, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>6. Reinhardt-rutland AH. Seat-belts and behavioural adaptation: the loss of looming as a negative reinforcer. Safety Sci 2001; 39: 145-155.<\/p>\n<p>7. Aschenbrenner M, Biehl B. Improved safety through improved technical measures? Empirical studies regarding risk compensation processes in relation to anti-lock brake systems. In RM Trimpop, GJS Wilde (eds). Changes in accident prevention: The issue of risk compensation. Groningen: Styx, 1994.<!--TrendMD v2.4.8--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The following E-Letter is a response to The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on\u00a0pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial . Abstract | Full article Ryan et al (1) provide empirical evidence that standards for running shoes in relation to foot posture are far from convincing. In particular, a sophisticated [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1105,1],"tags":[1712,1711,1709,1399,1710,1713,1139,1714,1507],"class_list":["post-230","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-e-letters","category-uncategorized","tag-feet","tag-foot","tag-footwear","tag-injury","tag-pain","tag-posture","tag-psychology","tag-risk-homeostasis","tag-shoes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The following E-Letter is a response to The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on\u00a0pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial . Abstract | Full article Ryan et al (1) provide empirical evidence that standards for running shoes in relation to foot posture are far from convincing. In particular, a sophisticated [...]Read More...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-07-15T23:06:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"BMJ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"BMJ\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"BMJ\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ba3da426ed20e8f1d933ca367d8216fe\"},\"headline\":\"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors?\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-07-15T23:06:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":500,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"feet\",\"foot\",\"footwear\",\"injury\",\"pain\",\"posture\",\"psychology\",\"risk homeostasis\",\"shoes\"],\"articleSection\":[\"E-letters\",\"General\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/\",\"name\":\"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2010-07-15T23:06:37+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/2010\\\/07\\\/16\\\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/\",\"name\":\"BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/blog-logo-bjsm.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/blog-logo-bjsm.png\",\"width\":222,\"height\":34,\"caption\":\"BJSM blog -  social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ba3da426ed20e8f1d933ca367d8216fe\",\"name\":\"BMJ\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b4d8f39281bcae118348a1c027347b8e53b82d42520e774a8b50dd9a6ac6c01d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b4d8f39281bcae118348a1c027347b8e53b82d42520e774a8b50dd9a6ac6c01d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b4d8f39281bcae118348a1c027347b8e53b82d42520e774a8b50dd9a6ac6c01d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"BMJ\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bjsm\\\/author\\\/admin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","og_description":"The following E-Letter is a response to The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on\u00a0pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial . Abstract | Full article Ryan et al (1) provide empirical evidence that standards for running shoes in relation to foot posture are far from convincing. In particular, a sophisticated [...]Read More...","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/","og_site_name":"BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","article_published_time":"2010-07-15T23:06:37+00:00","author":"BMJ","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"BMJ","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/"},"author":{"name":"BMJ","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#\/schema\/person\/ba3da426ed20e8f1d933ca367d8216fe"},"headline":"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors?","datePublished":"2010-07-15T23:06:37+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/"},"wordCount":500,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#organization"},"keywords":["feet","foot","footwear","injury","pain","posture","psychology","risk homeostasis","shoes"],"articleSection":["E-letters","General"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/","name":"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#website"},"datePublished":"2010-07-15T23:06:37+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2010\/07\/16\/e-letter-performance-anomalies-in-running-shoe-design-psychological-factors\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"E-Letter: Performance anomalies in running shoe design: Psychological factors?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/","name":"BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#organization","name":"BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","url":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2017\/11\/blog-logo-bjsm.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2017\/11\/blog-logo-bjsm.png","width":222,"height":34,"caption":"BJSM blog -  social media&#039;s leading SEM voice"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/#\/schema\/person\/ba3da426ed20e8f1d933ca367d8216fe","name":"BMJ","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b4d8f39281bcae118348a1c027347b8e53b82d42520e774a8b50dd9a6ac6c01d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b4d8f39281bcae118348a1c027347b8e53b82d42520e774a8b50dd9a6ac6c01d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b4d8f39281bcae118348a1c027347b8e53b82d42520e774a8b50dd9a6ac6c01d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"BMJ"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/"],"url":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=230"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/230\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=230"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}