{"id":11832,"date":"2026-01-04T09:50:54","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T08:50:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/?p=11832"},"modified":"2026-01-04T10:15:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-04T09:15:56","slug":"why-are-we-still-failing-to-prevent-brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2026\/01\/04\/why-are-we-still-failing-to-prevent-brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport\/","title":{"rendered":"Why are we still failing to prevent brain injuries in children\u2019s sport?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Key words<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concussion; Brain Injuries; Youth Sport<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greek physician Hippocrates is widely attributed to saying, &#8220;The greatest medicine of all is to teach people how not to need it&#8221;. The 16th-century Swiss physician, Paracelsus, proclaimed that &#8220;Prevention is the daughter of wisdom&#8221;. In 1735, Benjamin Franklin wrote that \u201cAn ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure\u201d.\u00a0 And an ancient Chinese proverb goes something like this: &#8220;The superior doctor prevents sickness; the mediocre doctor attends to impending sickness; the inferior doctor treats actual sickness&#8221;.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stretching far and wide across our history there has been a \u2018golden thread\u2019 running through medicine which points to prevention being better than cure. More specifically, primary prevention, being the aim of preventing disease or injury before either ever occurs. Given this context, it is curious that the current public health approach to managing brain injuries in children\u2019s sport appears to defy this widely respected principle in medicine (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Millions of children globally are exposed to entirely preventable brain injuries through participation in impact sports (i.e. contact, collision and combat).\u00a0 In rugby and American football they tackle each other, in boxing they aim punches at opponents&#8217; heads, and in football (soccer) they head the ball. Across these activities, the shaking of the brain that occurs is not an accidental outcome but built into the rules of the games. There is now more than a century of medical research<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> linking this phenomenon to two distinct but connected problems (2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Problem one is concussion \u2013 or more accurately, traumatic brain injury. These are among the most common injuries in youth impact sports, a direct consequence of rules that sanction heavy body contact. While often dismissed as temporary and transient, brain injuries can lead to lasting cognitive, emotional, and behavioural problems in some children, including persistent post-concussion symptoms that can last for months or even years (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. A history of traumatic brain injury is also strongly associated with increased suicide risk (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Problem two is the accumulation of repeated head impacts, often starting from a young age. Even in the absence of diagnosed concussion, routine actions such as heading a football, tackling in rugby or sparring in boxing can cause measurable, but not always immediately observable, brain damage. For example, a major new study in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nature<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shows neuronal loss and inflammation in young athletes that had sustained repeated head trauma (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Over a sporting career these impacts accumulate, and are now strongly linked to neurodegenerative diseases<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, notably chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) (6,7). Recent neuropathological research has diagnosed CTE in deceased amateur rugby players (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Australian male and female football players,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0and in former athletes under 30 years of age (9, 10, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite this ever growing evidence of harm, current policies in youth sport focus largely on recognising and managing injuries after they occur. This amounts to secondary and tertiary prevention, which solves neither of the two problems effectively. It\u2019s putting the cart before the horse. Primary prevention \u2013 removing the elements of sport that cause brain injury \u2013 remains the missing piece at the youth level (adult sport is a different matter on account of the different legal, ethical and social norms applied to those over 18 years of age).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Towards primary prevention\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking the reasonable step of enforcing primary prevention policies does not mean stopping children from playing sports. Safer alternatives already exist that preserve the potential health and social benefits of sport while eliminating unnecessary brain injuries. For example, authorities in football are already phasing out heading at youth level<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; rugby and American football have touch, tag, and flag versions; boxing can prohibit head shots; ice hockey can remove body checking (12).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This preventative approach is supported by research showing that prohibiting body checking in youth ice hockey reduced traumatic brain injuries by 58% (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">13)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Similar effectiveness would likely be seen in other impact sports, but, unfortunately, most governing bodies and leaders in the sporting industry have not yet taken such actions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many children have died from entirely avoidable and preventable brain injuries in sport (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Many more have been exposed to repeated head impacts that may have negative effects on their brain health in later life. Current policy and practice, and the sporting industry, is failing to protect children appropriately \u2013 and we, especially the medical community, should all be angry about that. Our children deserve better. Those not working in the direction laid out above would do well to take heed of a very old and very respected wisdom in medicine: prevention is always better than cure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11833\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2026\/01\/Brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport-infographic-240x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"414\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2026\/01\/Brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport-infographic-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2026\/01\/Brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport-infographic-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2026\/01\/Brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport-infographic-640x800.png 640w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/files\/2026\/01\/Brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport-infographic.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Author<\/strong>: <em>Dr J<\/em><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ack Hardwicke, sociologist of sport and health. Nottingham Trent University, UK. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>References<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hardwicke J, Matthews CR, Parry K, Lang M, Walker D, Shaw M, Piggin J, Bullingham R, Hurst HT, Anderson E. Preventing sport-acquired brain damage in children: \u2018If in doubt, sit them out\u2019 on its own is not good enough. Performance Enhancement &amp; Health. 2025 Aug 1;13(3):100340.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Casper, S. (2018). Concussion: A history of science and medicine, 1870-2005. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 58(6), 795-810.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pearce AJ, Tommerdahl M, King DA. Neurophysiological abnormalities in individuals with persistent post-concussion symptoms. Neuroscience. 2019 Jun 1;408:272-81.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yang J, Brock GN, Steelesmith DL, Thompson AJ, Llamocca EN, Bridge JA, Fontanella CA. Association between concussion and risk of suicide among youth and young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2025 Sep 23:108127.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Butler ML, Pervaiz N, Breen K, Calderazzo S, Ypsilantis P, Wang Y, Breda JC, Mazzilli S, Nicks R, Spurlock E, Hefti MM. Repeated head trauma causes neuron loss and inflammation in young athletes. Nature. 2025 Sep 17:1-0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NHS. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nowinski CJ, Bureau SC, Buckland ME, Curtis MA, Daneshvar DH, Faull RL, Grinberg LT, Hill-Yardin EL, Murray HC, Pearce AJ, Suter CM. Applying the Bradford Hill criteria for causation to repetitive head impacts and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022 Jul 22;13:938163.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stewart W, Buckland ME, Abdolmohammadi B, Affleck AJ, Alvarez VE, Gilchrist S, Huber BR, Lee EB, Lyall DM, Nowinski CJ, Russell ER. Risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in rugby union is associated with length of playing career. Acta neuropathologica. 2023 Dec;146(6):829-32.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Suter CM, Affleck AJ, Lee M, Pearce AJ, Iles LE, Buckland ME. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in Australia: the first three years of the Australian Sports Brain Bank. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2022 Feb 10;216(10):530.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.51420<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Suter CM, Affleck AJ, Pearce AJ, Junckerstorff R, Lee M, Buckland ME. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a female ex-professional Australian rules footballer. Acta neuropathologica. 2023 Sep;146(3):547-9.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-023-02610-z<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">McKee AC, Mez J, Abdolmohammadi B, Butler M, Huber BR, Uretsky M, Babcock K, Cherry JD, Alvarez VE, Martin B, Tripodis Y. Neuropathologic and clinical findings in young contact sport athletes exposed to repetitive head impacts. JAMA neurology. 2023 Oct 1;80(10):1037-50.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stewart W, Carson A. Heading in the right direction. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022 Oct;18(10):573-574. doi: 10.1038\/s41582-022-00712-y. PMID: 35999472; PMCID: PMC9553957.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Davis GA, Schneider KJ, Anderson V, Babl FE, Barlow KM, Blauwet CA, Bressan S, Broglio SP, Emery CA, Echemendia RJ, Gagnon I. Pediatric sport-related concussion: recommendations from the Amsterdam Consensus Statement 2023. Pediatrics. 2024 Jan 1;153(1):e2023063489.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For a recent example, see <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.judiciary.uk\/prevention-of-future-death-reports\/alexander-eastwood-prevention-of-future-deaths-report\/#:~:text=CIRCUMSTANCES%20OF%20THE%20DEATH,unresponsive%20apparently%20suffering%20a%20seizure\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.judiciary.uk\/prevention-of-future-death-reports\/alexander-eastwood-prevention-of-future-deaths-report\/#:~:text=CIRCUMSTANCES%20OF%20THE%20DEATH,unresponsive%20apparently%20suffering%20a%20seizure<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><!--TrendMD v2.4.8--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key words: Concussion; Brain Injuries; Youth Sport Greek physician Hippocrates is widely attributed to saying, &#8220;The greatest medicine of all is to teach people how not to need it&#8221;. The 16th-century Swiss physician, Paracelsus, proclaimed that &#8220;Prevention is the daughter of wisdom&#8221;. In 1735, Benjamin Franklin wrote that \u201cAn ounce of prevention is worth a [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2026\/01\/04\/why-are-we-still-failing-to-prevent-brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":463,"featured_media":11833,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[16426,2478,16068,1400],"class_list":["post-11832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-brain-injury","tag-children-in-sport","tag-featured","tag-prevention"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Why are we still failing to prevent brain injuries in children\u2019s sport? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2026\/01\/04\/why-are-we-still-failing-to-prevent-brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why are we still failing to prevent brain injuries in children\u2019s sport? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Key words: Concussion; Brain Injuries; Youth Sport Greek physician Hippocrates is widely attributed to saying, &#8220;The greatest medicine of all is to teach people how not to need it&#8221;. 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- BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2026\/01\/04\/why-are-we-still-failing-to-prevent-brain-injuries-in-childrens-sport\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Why are we still failing to prevent brain injuries in children\u2019s sport? - BJSM blog - social media&#039;s leading SEM voice","og_description":"Key words: Concussion; Brain Injuries; Youth Sport Greek physician Hippocrates is widely attributed to saying, &#8220;The greatest medicine of all is to teach people how not to need it&#8221;. The 16th-century Swiss physician, Paracelsus, proclaimed that &#8220;Prevention is the daughter of wisdom&#8221;. 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