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Does atomoxetine aggravate mood problems?

2 May, 08 | by BMJ Group

ATX chemical compoundA 13 year old boy with a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) comes to the clinic with his mother for a review. He was started on atomoxetine 6 weeks prior to this visit for hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and poor concentration. The boy was admitted in the hospital one week ago for changed behaviour, disorientation, irrelevant speech and self-harming behaviour. He was reported as very aggressive and hostile towards other children and adults. In past use of stimulant medication was not considered because of the risk of abuse and drug diversion. Mother correlates this hospitalization due to side effect of atomoxetine. She asks your opinion about increased aggression and hostility related to atomoxetine .

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MRI-brain for microcephaly?

19 Mar, 08 | by Bob Phillips

Boy with microcephalyA 7-year-old boy was referred for medical assessment as part of the process of producing a statement of special educational needs. There had been no medical concerns in the past and there was no family history of note. On examination, the boy was noted to be micro cephalic with head circumference on the 0.4th centile, while his height and weight were on the 50th centile. Neurological examination was normal. Should this boy be referred for an MRI scan of the brain? more…

Leave appendiceal masses alone.

27 Feb, 08 | by Bob Phillips

Acute appendicitisA 5 year old boy was admitted to a rural New Zealand hospital with 10 day history of abdominal pain. The pain was localised to the RIF with guarding and examination revealed a palpable mass in the RIF. He had previously presented with a 1 day history of severe abdominal pain and fever and had been discharged the following day with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. He was transferred to the tertiary hospital and a diagnosis was made on ultrasound scan of appendiceal mass with abscess. His condition was stable. He was commenced on conservative management and supportive care with intravenous (iv) antibiotics followed by a 2 week course of oral antibiotics. He responded well to conservative management and was scheduled for appendectomy after an interval of 6-8 weeks. You wonder whether it is necessary, now he is well, for him to have an appendectomy.

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No dental antibiotic prophylaxis for VP shunts.

12 Feb, 08 | by Bob Phillips

During a routine clinic follow-up, a patient with an indwelling ventriculo-peritoneal shunt enquires whether prophylactic antibiotics are necessary prior to routine dental hygiene work. He produces a letter from his dentist enquiring the same.

Dr Max Nathan of Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK has had this happen … has it happened to you? And what did you do?

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Are there effective strategies to reduce the length of stay for “well” near-term babies?

22 Oct, 07 | by BMJ Group

Premature babyLength of stay for ‘well’ near term (30-36 week gestation) babies varies between units and between countries, with the UK average being discharge at 36+2 weeks corrected. What strategies are in place in your unit to help these ’small but well’ babies get out of precious neonatal cots into their own lovingly decorated cribs at home? And more to the Archimedes point - is there any evidence these interventions work?

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Azithromycin for chest infections in severe CP?

22 Oct, 07 | by BMJ Group

Is the frequency of recurrent chest infections, in children with chronic neurological problems, reduced by prophylactic Azithromycin?
You see Jonny, an 8 yr old boy with severe dystonic CP as a result of his premature birth at 26 wks gestation with another chest infection. He is mainly gastrostomy fed and had a Nissen’s fundoplication 5 yrs ago at the same time his gastrostomy was inserted. He has copious secretions and a poor cough reflex; these are made worse by Nitrazepam he requires for his dystonia. Evidence from previous barium studies and swallow assessments show that he chronically aspirates his secretions. He has no symptoms of upper airway obstruction. He has had increasingly frequent lower respiratory tract infections over the last year, requiring admission and intra-venous antibiotics (a total of four times in 2006). His weight and height have fallen from the 10th to the 3rd percentile. A chest x-ray shows chronic changes suggestive of underlying bronchiectasis. Immune function and Sweat test are normal. He awaits a CT scan. He has daily physiotherapy and regular suction and usually produces copious muco-purulent secretions. He is on maximal anti-reflux medication already. Would prophylactic Azithromycin reduce his risk of further LRTI? Or might it increase growth of multi resistant organisms within his sputum?

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GnRH analogues to prevent ovarian failure?

22 Oct, 07 | by BMJ Group

Should gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue be administered to prevent premature ovarian failure in young women with systemic lupus erythematosus on cyclophosphamide therapy?
A 15 year old girl with acute renal failure was found to have class IV systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis on renal biopsy. A decision was taken to start her on the routine National Institute Health protocol of pulsed methyl-prednisolone and monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC) (0.5–1.0 g/m2 of body surface area). With her post pubertal status and the possibility of CYC induced gonadal toxicity, the question was raised as to whether she should be put on gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue ( GnRH-a ) therapy for ovarian protection.

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Is the use of Chest Physiotherapy Beneficial in Children with Community Acquired Pneumonia?

11 Jul, 07 | by BMJ Group

A 7 year old boy is admitted to the General Paediatric ward with a community acquired Pneumonia Radiograph pneumonia affecting the right lower lobe. It is suggested on the ward round that we arrange chest physiotherapy to try and reduce the length of his hospital stay. We wonder if there is evidence to support the use of physiotherapy in this case.

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What is the best treatment for empyema?

11 Jul, 07 | by BMJ Group

A 7 year old child with a history of cough and fever for 1 week, has bronchial breathing over her left lower zone on auscultation. A diagnosis of lobar pneumonia is made, confirmed on plain chest x-ray, and she is treated with appropriate intravenous antibiotics. However, she continues to have a spiking fever and develops signs of a left sided pleural effusion. Repeat chest x-ray shows a ‘white out’ of the left chest with no mediastinal shift. She is referred to the regional thoracic centre for consideration of thoracotomy and drainage of a left sided parapneumonic effusion. Should she be referred to the surgeons and if so, what should they do?

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What is the best treatment for hyperkalaemia in a preterm infant?

11 Jul, 07 | by BMJ Group

A 720g neonate in the intensive care unit develops severe hyperkalaemia with cardiac arrhythmia. The Specialist registrar decides to give a Calcium Gluconate bolus and start an Insulin and Dextrose infusion. The new Registrar queries why Salbutamol and Ion Exchange resins were not considered as these therapies are frequently used in management of hyperkalaemia in older children and adults. more…

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